1. The fall of Tokugawa and the Meiji Restoration
Japan
The fall of Tokugawa and the Meiji Restoration
明治維新

2. How do you create a nation out of 250 domains?
Goal
How do you create a nation out of 250 domains?

3. What did Japan realize after Perry’s visit?
Japan Meets the west
What did Japan realize after Perry’s visit?
How should Japan react?
Three groups brainstorm your position

4. What is surprising about this picture from the 1890s?
Key Dates
1603 – 1867 Tokugawa Shogunate
1853
Commodore Perry arrives
1854
Treaty of Kanagawa
1890
This picture
What’s surprising about this picture from the 1890s? What does it tell us about Japan in the period after the overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate?
What is surprising about this picture from the 1890s?
What does it tell us about Japan in the period after Western Intervention?

5. A zen moment: centre yourself

6. Review Power was in Edo (T______), the home of the T________ clan
The Emperor lived in K_________
S______ policy isolated Japan from the West, but Commodore P______ used G________ diplomacy to force Japan to open ports with the treaty of K_________
Samurai are the elite but becoming administrators
M________ are becoming wealthier
Daimyo lords rule regions (h____) but they are becoming more independent
Tokyo
Tokugawa
Kyoto
Sakoku
Perry
Gunboat
Kanagawa
Merchants
han

7. Why did the Tokugawa Shogunate fall?
the internal decay of feudal society and   
Tokugawa hostage system ("Sankin-kotai")
b) pressure from the Western nations

8. 1 How did the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) impact the fall of the Shogun?
What was the danger of refusing to open Japan to the West?
What was the danger of opening Japan to the West?
Do you feel for the Shogun?
The Kanagawa treaty was followed by the United States-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce, the "Harris Treaty" of 1858, which allowed the establishment of foreign concessions, extra-territoriality for foreigners, and minimal import taxes for foreign goods.

9. How did knowing about China impact the Shogun’s decision to open to the West?
In 1862, just before the start of the Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and scholars to China to study the situation there. A Japanese recorded in his diary from Shanghai…
The Chinese have become servants to the foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to China but in fact it's no more than a colony of Great Britain and France.

10. China’s unequal treaties warn Japan
After the Opium Wars many in the Shogun’s government were convinced that it had to open up to the West or face the fate of China

11. Baku-han system decentralized power2
Baku-han system decentralized power
Over 250 Daimyos have great autonomy
Many are ignoring directions from Edo
Do you know other countries where politics is decentralized?

12. 3 How did the samurai, especially the Ronin, react to the West?
Ronin Xenophobic
Murders of foreigners
Many ronin become v xenophobic – the result of feelings of threat, lost culture, fierce pride, social change, new commercial values.
Great number of foreigners arrived to Yokohama, their arrogance and independent behavior giving rise to trouble with the samurai.
Murders of foreigners and collaborative Japanese soon occurred , a Russian sailor was cut to pieces in the streets of Yokohama.In early 1860, two Dutch captains were slaughtered, in Yokohama.
Seven years after Perry: foreign traders in Yokohama port 1861
What impact might this have on Japanese society?
A woodblock print by ukiyo-e master Utagawa Kuniyoshi depicting famous rōnin Miyamoto Musashi having his fortune told.

13. 3 Why do the samurai, especially the Ronin, become xenophobic?
After the Tokugawa treaties opened Japanese ports to European powers, many Ronin become xenophobic - the result of feelings of:
threat,
lost culture,
fierce pride,
social change, and / or
new commercial values

14. 1860s: increasing instability3
Ronin killed the pro-foreign official for signing a treaty with the US
Then committed seppuku
Very dangerous in Edo for Shogun officials and foreigners

15. Expel the barbarians! 3

16. 3 The murder of a British merchant
Charles Richardson murdered in 1863 when he failed to dismount from his horse when passing a procession of Satsuma samurai.

17. The Shi-shi (“Men of High Purpose”)
Highly idealistic samurai who felt that the arrival of Westerners was an attack on the traditional values of Japan.
They believed that:
Japan was sacred ground.
The Emperor, now a figurehead in Kyoto, was a God.
Were furious at the Shogun for signing treaties with the West without the Emperor’s consent.
Their slogan 
Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians!

18. Ryoma was one of these Shi Shi.
They feared European colonisation of Japan.
They believed the Tokugawa were to blame for Japan’s weakness.
The young Emperor agreed with these xenophobic views – that Japan had been humiliated by foreigners – and encouraged policies to expel them.

19. Of what does this remind you?
Compare and contrast Cixi and the Boxers
Cixi and the Boxers
Emperor and the Shi-shi

20. Another zen moment: centre yourself

21. Anti-Tokugawa parties
Lower samurai Satsuma and Choshu
Merchants
The Meiji Restoration thus was the outcome of this coalition of merchant class with the lower samurai.
38,000 samurai, large kingdoms,
not confined to the members of the traditional warrior class but accepted small townsmen and peasants as volunteers
Monopolies for Tokugawa- other clans want a piece
"Expel the Barbarians"

22. The Satsuma - Choshu Alliance (March 1866)
Satsuma had lost confidence in the Shogunate and doubted the real motive of the Shogunate.
Choshu realized that their "Expel the barbarians" policy was impractical.
Satsuma- kill brit for not paying repsect to a high up
British retaliate and the Satsuma impressed by British naval force
Three years later they are inviting the British Naval officers over

23. The Satsuma and Choshu Clans
Saigo Takamori of the Satsuma clan

24. The Meiji Revolt
An alliance of low ranking samurai from Satsuma and Choshu plot to overthrow the Shogun
The Sat-Cho Alliance
Sakamoto Ryoma and Saigo Takamori played a key role

25. The Shogunate Is Overthrown!
The Sat-Cho alliance with the court is too strong
Tokugawa Yoshinobu forced to resign

26. Important People
Tokugawa Yoshinobu the 15th and last shogun ( )
1872
Mutsuhito
Emperor Meiji
( )
Yoshinobu – shogun – he did try to modernise but too late.
The young Emperor Meiji, Not as anti foreign as his father Emperor Komei. 14 on ascension. His wife had no children but he had 15 to 5 ladies in waiting!
Empress Shōken
Empress Shōken
1873

27. 1868: The Emperor restored to power
The Emperor moves with Sat-Cho armies to conquered Edo
It is renamed Tokyo (eastern capital)
MEIJI 
“Enlightened Rule”

28. The Meiji Emperor moves from Kyoto to Tokyo
Source:"Le Monde Illustre", February 20th, 1869.

29. Emperor Meiji

30. Review: Tokugawa to Meiji
Satsuma and Choshu clans unite to rebel against Tokugawa
“Expel the barbarian, restore the Emperor”
1867 the Emperor is “restored” to power
Civil war between Tokugawa and Sat-Cho forces
Sat-Cho clans win 1868
The new Imperial government drops promise to expel foreigners
They accelerate modernisation!

31. Japan Learns a Lesson
Japanese were sent abroad to learn from the West. But among the Japanese, there has never been the scornful indifference that has often characterized the Chinese attitude towards foreigners. The Japanese have never been too proud to learn. It appeared therefore strange reversal of the whole situation for the anti-foreign monarchical party and, in effect, became pro-foreign almost overnight.

32. Search for three minutes to find your favorite piece of Ukiyo-e edo
Late edo prints, art
Ukiyo-e edo

33. Meiji Restoration 1868 -1912 Chronology
, “Warring States” - Transitional Era
1635, Shogunate forbids Japanese to travel overseas
1639, Portugese ships forbidden; Japan closed to outside world
1641, Dutch Trading Mission is moved to Nagasaki
, Tokugawa Period - Centralized Feudalism era
, Perry Mission to “open” Japan
1854, Japan concludes friendship treaties with U.S., Britain, France & Netherlands; three ports open to foreign trade
1868, Meiji Restoration
1877, Satsuma Rebellion
1881, Sale of government industries to new zaibatsau
1889, Meiji Constitution
1894-5,Sino-Japanese War, Japan becomes imperialist power
1904-5, Russo-Japanese War
1910, colonization of Korea
1912, emperor Meji dies