1. HOST AND GUEST CULTURES The Essence of Sustainability A panel by Jafar Jafari University of Wisconsin-Stout, USA Shared with Mohamad Sharifi-Tehrani University of Isfahan, Iran Kish, Iran 24 February 2015

2. WHAT IS TOURISM?

3. Definition of Tourism Tourism is the study ► Of man away from his usual habitat ► Of the industry which respond to his needs, and ► Of the impacts that both he and the industry have on their host environments and beyond.

4. What distinguishes tourism from other goods and services?

5. Local Employees Outside Employees Goods and Services Factory Local Markets Other Markets MANUFACTURING

6. T O U R I S M Local Employees Outside Employees Goods and Services Destination Domestic Tourists Foreign Tourists

7. Products ► Goods ► Services

8. Products Goods: Produced another time Produced in another place Consumed here Tourism: Produced now—at the destination Produced here—at the destination Consumed here—at the destination

9. Products Tourism: ► Is a service product ► Is perishable ► Cannot be produced in advance ► Cannot be stored ► Cannot be boxed and bottled ► Cannot be shipped ► Cannot be sampled ► Cannot be returned ► Cannot be guaranteed ► Is simultaneously produced/consumed ► Is highly amalgamated ► Has high saturation point ► Is subject to value judgment ► Results in Memories: the final tourism product, which is what we sell: images!

10. Tourism’s Stakeholders ► Residents: Hosts ► Tourists: Guests ► Employees: Tourisiers ► Government Agents ► Religious Leaders ► Cultural Agents ► Who else?

11. Tourism’s Stakeholders ► Residents: Hosts ► Tourists: Guests ► Employees: Tourisiers ► Government Agents ► Religious Leaders ► Cultural Agents ► Who else?

12. Stakeholders of this Seminar ► Residents: Hosts

13. Residents: Hosts ► Sense of ownership ► Their land, culture, heritage, sights, beaches ► Have always been there, why make room for tourists ► How tourism benefits us, the citizen?

14. Host Permanent Home/Community Ordinary Societas Work Commitment Secula r /Mundane Restrain Me Everyday Why? Host Permanent Home/Community Ordinary Societas Work Commitment Secula r /Mundane Restrain Me Everyday Why? Guest Temporary/Transient Magnet/Destination Nonordinary Communitas Leisure Lack of Commitment “Sacred” Animation King/Queen for a Day Why Not? Guest Temporary/Transient Magnet/Destination Nonordinary Communitas Leisure Lack of Commitment “Sacred” Animation King/Queen for a Day Why Not? Differences between Tourists and Residents RESIDENTS TOURISTS

15. Left right speed will depend on various sociopolitcal factors and forces (both from within and without) Like NeutralDislikeHatredXenophobia Host’s Depreciative Sentiments

16. Stakeholders of this Seminar ► Residents: Hosts ► Tourists: Guests

17. In order to study tourists: Using an analogy: Tourist on a springboard or trampoline And using this to suggest the contour of a model

18. A Tourist Model CORPORATION ANIMATION OMISSIONINCORPORATION Orientation REPATRIATION Submission Reversion Valediction Emulsion Emission EMANCIPATION Separation Declaration

19. Components of the Tourist Model ► Corporation ► Emancipation ► Animation ► Repatriation ► Incorporation ► Omission

20. A Tourist Model CORPORATION Emission

21. Components of the Tourist Model Corporation Component ► Everyday routines: personal and professional ► Emission stage: thinking and preparing for the trip

22. Components of the Tourist Model Corporation ► Everyday life ► Routine ► Schedule ► Pressure ► Emptying our batteries ► Ordinary ► Extreme weather ► Darkness ► Push, to get out

23. Tourist Market (Ordinary) Destination (Nonordinary) Push Factors Pull Factors Tourists Tourist Motivations

24. Components of the Tourist Model ► Corporation ► Emancipation

25. A Tourist Model EMANCIPATION Separation Declaration

26. Components of the Tourist Model Emancipation ► Separation ► Declaration

27. Components of the Tourist Model ► Corporation ► Emancipation ► Animation

28. A Tourist Model ANIMATION Orientation Valediction

29. Components of the Tourist Model Animation ► Orientation ► The nonordinary world ► Valediction

30. Destination Receiving Market Nonordinary Antistructure Host Culture Tourist Culture Communitas Playground (No rule) Fantasy/Dream Destination Receiving Market Nonordinary Antistructure Host Culture Tourist Culture Communitas Playground (No rule) Fantasy/Dream Origin Generating Market Ordinary Structure Home Culture Residual Culture Societas Rule Anomie Origin Generating Market Ordinary Structure Home Culture Residual Culture Societas Rule Anomie Differences between Tourists and Residents ANIMATION CORPORATION

31. Components of the Tourist Model ► Corporation ► Emancipation ► Animation ► Repatriation

32. A Tourist Model REPATRIATION Submission Reversion

33. Components of the Tourist Model Repatriation ► Reversion ► Submission

34. Components of the Tourist Model ► Corporation ► Emancipation ► Animation ► Repatriation ► Incorporation

35. A Tourist Model INCORPORATION Emulsion

36. Components of the Tourist Model Incorporation ► Emulsion ► The gift of nonordinary ► Beginning of a new cycle of ordinary

37. Components of the Tourist Model ► Corporation ► Emancipation ► Animation ► Repatriation ► Incorporation ► Omission

38. A Tourist Model OMISSION

39. Components of the Tourist Model Omission Has limited application in tourism ► Backpackers ► Expatriates

40. A Tourist Model CORPORATION ANIMATION OMISSIONINCORPORATION Orientation REPATRIATION Submission Reversion Valediction Emulsion Emission EMANCIPATION Separation Declaration

41. The Ordinary- Nonordinary System Nonordinary Ordinary

42. A Tourist Model CORPORATION ANIMATION OMISSIONINCORPORATION Orientation REPATRIATION Submission Reversion Valediction Emulsion Emission EMANCIPATION Separation Declaration

43. Clustering Tourisiers Operational Skills Semiskilled Supervisory Middle Top Unskilled

45. Three Worlds of Tourism ► The nonordinary world of tourists ► The ordinary world of host communities ► The extraordinary world of tourisiers What makes the work/life of tourisiers extraordinary?

46. A nice place to visit is A nice place to live is A nice place to visit is A nice place to live is A nice place to visit is A nice place to live is

47. Community is Destination is Community is Destination is Community is Destination is

48. The future is yours: if you understand its sociocultural parameters and dimensions

49. Economic Costs of Tourism Same for both host and guest?  Can cause inflation  Can result in high leakage  Can have seasonality and contribute to unemployment  Can be susceptible to change, rumor, spread of disease, economic fluctuation  Can result in unbalanced economic development  Can lead to extraneous dependency  Can increase demonstration effects  Can destroy resources and create visual pollution

50. Sociocultural Benefits of Tourism Same for both host and guest?  Can broaden education  Can promote international understanding/peace  Can reduce language, sociocultural, racial, political, and religious barriers  Can reinforce preservation of heritage/tradition  Can promote worldview and membership in the global community  Can enhance appreciation of one’s own culture

51. Sociocultural Costs of Tourism Same for both host and guest?  Can contribute to misunderstanding  Can generate stereotypes  Can lead to xenophobia  Can result in social pollution  Can commercialize the community and its culture, religion, arts  Can threaten family structure  Can contribute to prostitution  Can increase instances of crime  Can induce conflicts in the host community

52.  Can be labor intensive, generating full time/ Seasonal/Part-time/Unskilled jobs  Can generate foreign exchange  Can be built on existing infrastructure  Can be developed with local products  Can spread development  Can complement production of other economic activities  Can have high multiplier effects Economic Benefits of Tourism Same for both host and guest?