1. Elements of Poetry

2. Poetry is language that’s alive. Question: What are the 3 most important ingredients in a poem? Music Emotion Magic

3. Music is about rhythm and the way sounds rub together. Everyone has emotions. Just think of how many emotions you have felt today. Now imagine all the emotions you have ever experienced in your life. Tap into one of these feelings and make the reader feel what you felt, experience that same emotion. Magic - not hocus pocus, abracadabra magic, but the ability to see things around you in a whole new way.

4. Poetry Elements Plot: The series of connected feelings/thoughts/actions that move through the work. Character: The nature of the narrator in a narrative poem or of the speaker in a lyric poem. The characters in the poem will reveal their personalities through their words, actions, choices, thoughts, and feelings. Setting: The time and place of the poem may be explicitly described or it may be implied by the details that the narrator or speaker describes.

5. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Theme is the message about life or human nature that is communicated by a literary work. Subject الموضوع Theme الفكرة الرئيسية Imagery – figurative language المحسنات البديعية Language (simple – difficult) البلاغة Tone (mood) اللهجة Structure (arrangement of ideas) التركيب

6. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Subject: The "poetic subject" of a poem is whatever the poem is about. Example: The subject of Those Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden is a story of how the father woke up early in the morning even on weekends to warm the house for his family.

7. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Theme: The poet’s values, their views and ideas about life. The theme is communicated through:  the subject of the work.  what is said about the subject.  the poet’s use of poetic devices. This message about life is an idea, an insight that the poet has had and wants to share with us. Example: The theme of Those Winter Sundays is ‘unspoken love’ – of the father to his family and the son as an adult to his father.

8. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Imagery (figurative language): is the descriptive language used in literature to create word pictures for the reader. Poets use imagery to create a picture in the reader’s mind or to remind the reader of a familiar sensation

9. Figurative Language Figurative language is writing or speech that is not meant to be taken literally. The many types of figurative language are called figures of speech. Writers use different figures of speech to state ideas in a vivid and imaginative way.

10. Types of Figurative Language Similes use like or as to compare two apparently unlike things and show similarities between the two: She is as slow as a turtle. التشبيه Examples: “And, here and there a passer-by Shows like a little restless midge” “The Wind begun to knead the Grass As Women do a Dough”

11. Types of Figurative Language Metaphors describe one thing as if it were something else. They often point out a similarity between two unlike things: The snow was a white blanket over the town. الاستعارة “A violet by a mossy stone Half hidden from the eye!” “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways” Wordsworth

12. Types of Figurative Language Where’s the personification? Personification: When a poet describes an animal or object as if it were human or had human qualities, that is personification. تجسيد and slowly I would rise and dress, fearing the chronic angers of that house

13. Types of Figurative Language Using the part for the whole is called synecdoche. المجاز المرسل It gives a meaning beyond the ordinary, literal meaning. Example: “Please lend a hand.” Example: “I’m all ears” – Literal meaning is that the speaker is made of ears. – The figurative meaning is that the speaker is ready to listen.

14. Types of Figurative Language Metonymy: this term refers to figurative language that uses particular words to represent something else with which they are associated. الكناية Metonymy is when one term is substituted for another term with which it is closely associated ("crown“ stands for ”king").

15. Types of Figurative Language Synaesthesia: The term is used in literature to describe of one kind of sensation in terms of another. الحس المتزامن – When a voice is described as being "tired and pale in the darkness". "Pale" is a sight adjective used to describe a sound, “the voice”. “and put his clothes on in the blueblack cold”

16. Types of Figurative Language Symbol: Is something – a person, place, object, action, color, or event – that has two levels of meaning. الرمز Example: The rose is a particular flower noted for its beauty and its thorns. On the figurative level, it is often a symbol of love because love is a beautiful experience that may cause us pain.

17. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) The Language of a poem uses Sound devices or rhetoric which add a musical quality to poetry. Rhetoric is the art of persuasion — using language to convince or sway an audience — or the study of that art. فن البلاغة Poets use these devices to enhance a poem’s mood and meaning. These are some common sound devices that poets use.

18. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Allusion: A figure of speech making casual reference to a famous historic or literary figure or event or work of literature. الإشارة Example: "As the cave's roof collapsed, he was swallowed up in the dust like Jonah, and only his frantic scrabbling behind a wall of rock indicated that there was anyone still alive“.

19. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) apostrophe is used for a kind of formal invocation. Sometimes the invocation is to an absent (or even dead) person: "Milton," writes Wordsworth, "thou shouldst be living at this hour;/ England hath need of thee." At other times, an inanimate object can be invoked: “O you gentle day sky”!. المناجاة

20. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Paradox: A paradox is a statement which contains apparently opposing or incongruous elements which, when read together, turn out to make sense. التناقض Emily Dickinson's poem "My Life Closed Twice Before its Close" contains a paradox in both the title and the first line. She says: My life closed twice before its close It yet remains to see If Immortality unveil A third event to me... This statement is paradoxical in that there are separate meanings for the words closed" and "close"--Dickinson has had experiences in her life which she feels to be equivalent to life's true closing, death itself.

21. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Overstatement : A boldly exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true, as in the statement. المبالغة Example: I had so much homework, I needed a pickup truck to carry all my books home. Overstatement (also called hyperbole) may be used for serious, comic, or ironic effect.

22. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Understatement: The opposite of hyperbole, understatement refers to a figure of speech that says less than is intended. الاستهانة Understatement usually has an ironic effect, and sometimes may be used for comic purposes, as in Mark Twain’s statement, "The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."

23. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Repetition: the use of any element of language – also called EpaSnaphora – a sound, word, phrase, clause or sentence – more than once. التكرار An example is the “I have a dream…” speech by Martin Luther King Jr.

24. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Onomatopoeia is the use of words whose sounds suggest their meanings, like buzz, pop, and click. المحاكاة الصوتية

25. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Rhythm: the beat created by the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables: The cat sat on the mat. الإيقاع Rhyme is the repetition of sounds at the ends of words such as shell and well. القافية – Internal Rhyme is the use of rhyming words within a line. القافية الداخلية “Splendor falls on castle walls” – End Rhyme is the use of rhymes at the end of lines. تذييل Twinkle, twinkle, little star How I wonder where you are.

26. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Rhyme Scheme - The pattern in which end rhyme occurs. Example: ababcc Continuous as the stars that shine (a) And twinkle on the milky way, (b) They stretched in never-ending line (a) Along the margin of a bay: (b) Ten thousand saw I at a glance, (c) Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. (c)

27. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. جناس Example: lovely lonely lights Alliteration is based on sound, not letters - Listen to the repetition of sounds in “then no one knows your name”

28. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Tone: The poet’s attitude toward his subject, and it is described by adjectives that we apply to our own attitudes: objective, formal, joyous, hopeful, bitter, ironic, and compassionate. In literature, a persona is a speaker created by the writer to tell a story or to speak in a poem. A persona is not a character in a story or narrative, nor does a persona necessarily directly reflect the author’s personal voice. A persona is a separate self, created by and distinct from the author, through which he or she speaks.. المتحدث Look at “These Winter Sundays” by Robert Hayden. Who is speaking?

29. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) The Three Voices of Poetry The first voice: The voice of the poet talking to himself – or to nobody. “I” The second voice: The voice of the poet addressing an audience, whether large or small. “You” The third voice: The voice of the poet when he attempts to create a dramatic character speaking in verse. “He – She – It”

30. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Verbal irony is the difference between what is said, and what is intended, or really thought. التهكم

31. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Satire: is the ridicule of some vice or imperfection — an attack on someone or something by making it look ridiculous or worthy of scorn. الاستهزاء I know the thing that's most uncommon; (Envy be silent and attend!) I know a Reasonable Woman, Handsome and witty, yet a Friend. Not warp'd by Passion, aw'd by Rumour, Not grave thro' Pride, or gay thro' Folly, An equal Mixture of good Humour, And sensible soft Melancholy. `Has she no Faults then (Envy says) Sir?' Yes she has one, I must aver: When all the World conspires to praise her, The Woman's deaf, and does not hear

32. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Form: The way a poem looks-or its arrangement on the page-is its form Poets deliberately choose the form they wish their poems to take an may even space the words and letters in a poem to create a special arrangement Basically, it’s the way the poem looks and can affect the sound by creating a rhythm.

33. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Lines and Stanzas Poetry is written in lines, which may or may not be sentences. بيت الشعر Sometimes the lines are combined into groups called stanzas or verses. مقطع The number of lines in a poem’s stanzas can be the same or can vary. While some poems have a formal structure, others are written in a more conversational style called free verse. الشعر الحر

34. “The Fire of Driftwood” By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow We spake of many a vanished scene, Of what we once had thought and said, Of what had been, and might have been, And who was changed, and who was dead; And all that fills the hearts of friends, When first they feel, with secret pain, Their lives thenceforth have separate ends, And never can be one again. Stanza / verse Line

35. Identifying Key Elements in A Poem (S.T.I.L.T.S.) Stanza: A unit of lines grouped together which are similar to a paragraph in prose Couplet: Consists of two lines with the same end rhyme. Quatrain: A four-line stanza which may contain no end rhymes or may rhyme in a variety of ways.

36. Forms of Poetry Poems can tell stories, describe natural events, and express feelings. Some poems are shaped to look like their subjects, and others follow strict patterns of rhyme, rhythm or syllables. By reading poems, you can learn a new way to see something that you have looked at hundreds of times before. There are many different kinds - or forms - of poems.

37. Forms of Poetry (cont.) Narrative: Poetry that tells a story in verse. Narrative poems often have elements similar to those in a short story, such as plot and characters. The Little Boy and the Old Man by Shel Silverstein Said the little boy, "Sometimes I drop my spoon." Said the old man, "I do that too." The little boy whispered, "I wet my pants." "I do that too," laughed the little old man. Said the little boy, "I often cry." The old man nodded, "So do I." "But worst of all," said the boy, "it seems Grown-ups don't pay attention to me." And he felt the warmth of a wrinkled old hand. "I know what you mean," said the little old man.

38. Forms of Poetry (cont.) Lyric: Poetry that expresses the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker, often in highly musical verse. " I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" by William Wordsworth I WANDERED lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

39. Forms of Poetry (cont.) Concrete: Poems that are shaped to look like their subjects. The poet arranges the lines to create a picture on the page. Triangle I am a very special shape I have three points and three lines straight. Look through my words and you will see, the shape that I am meant to be. I'm just not words caught in a tangle. Look close to see a small triangle. My angles add to one hundred and eighty degrees, you learn this at school with your abc's. Practice your maths and you will see, some other fine examples of me.

41. Forms of Poetry (cont.) A sonnet is a fixed form of lyric poetry that consists of fourteen lines, usually written in iambic pentameter. Traditional subjects include love and faith The Petrarchan sonnet also known as the Italian sonnet, is divided into an octave (8 lines), which typically rhymes abbaabba, and a sestet (6 lines), which may have varying rhyme schemes. Common rhyme patterns in the sestet are cdecde, cdcdcd, and cdccdc. Very often the octave presents a situation, attitude, or problem that the sestet comments upon or resolves The English or Shakespearean : the form was introduced to England by Sir Thomas Wyatt in the 16 th century and came to maturity with Shakespeare who wrote 154 sonnets. The rhyme scheme used is abab cdcd efef gg (7 rhymes). The epigrammatic force of the last couplet is very strong – sums up the message or gives it a twist

42. Definitions of Literary Terms Useful definitions for most literary terms can be found at these websites: – http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/literature/bedl it/glossary_a.htm http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/literature/bedl it/glossary_a.htm – http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Terms/ind ex.html http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Terms/ind ex.html – http://theliterarylink.com/definitions.html http://theliterarylink.com/definitions.html معجم بلاغة انجليزي عربي – http://www.montadabaja.com/vb/showthread.ph p?t=370 http://www.montadabaja.com/vb/showthread.ph p?t=370