1. Accident analysis
One-hour training

2. Accident analysis
This training is aimed at anyone interested in learning how to develop an effective accident analysis process.
It discusses the five causal factors that can contribute to an accident and covers the basic elements of an effective accident analysis process.

3. Accident analysis Definition (Accident)
An unplanned event that interrupts the completion of an activity and that may or may not include injury, illness, or property damage (Also incident, near miss)

4. Accident analysis Definition (Accident analysis)
The collection of all pertinent information through interviews, past records, on-site inspection, etc. that help identify all causes of an accident
Part of accident analysis is determination and implementation of appropriate corrective action.

5. Causal factors Task Material Environment Human factor (personal)
Management / process failure

6. Material Environment Task Personal Management
The five intertwining circles of factors show the increase potential for accidents
More than one causal factor is usually present.
How do these factors interrelate to create accidents?”
Point: you want to remove as many potential risks as possible.

7. 1. Task Ergonomics Safe work procedures Condition changes Process
Materials
Workers
Appropriate tools/materials
Safety devices (including lockout)
The causal factor task includes ergonomics, safe work procedures, etc.
Possible questions to ask and examine in this category include:
Was a safe work procedure used?
Had conditions changed to make normal procedures unsafe?
Were appropriate tools & materials available & working properly?
Were safety devices working properly?
The follow-up to all of these questions is generally “Why was this situation allowed to exist?”

8. 2. Material Equipment failure Machinery design/guarding
Hazardous substances
Substandard material
The causal factor material includes equipment failure, machinery design/guarding, etc.
Possible questions to ask and examine in this category include:
Was there equipment failure?
What caused it to fail?
Was the machinery poorly designed
Were hazardous substances involved?
Were they identified?
Should Personal Protective Equipment have been used?
The follow-up to all of these questions is generally “Why was this situation allowed to exist?”

9. 3. Environment Weather conditions Housekeeping Temperature Lighting
Air contaminants
Personal protective equipment
The causal factor environment includes weather conditions, housekeeping, etc.
Possible questions to ask and examine in this category include:
What were the weather conditions?
Was poor housekeeping a problem?
Was noise a problem?
Was there adequate light?
Were toxic gases, dusts, fumes present?
The follow-up to all of these questions is generally “Why was this situation allowed to exist?”

10. 4. Human factor (personal)
Level of experience
Level of training
Physical capability
Health
Fatigue
Stress
The causal factor Human Factor (Personal) includes level of experience, level of training, etc.
Possible questions to ask and examine in this category include:
Were workers experienced in the work being performed?
Were they properly trained?
Were they physically capable of doing the work?
Were they under stress(work or personal)?
The follow-up to all of these questions is generally “Why was this situation allowed to exist?”

11. 5. Management / process failure
Visible active senior management support for safety
Safety policies
Enforcement of safety policies
Adequate supervision
Knowledge of hazards
Hazard corrective action
Preventive maintenance
Regular audits
The causal factor Management/Process Failure includes visible active senior management support, safety policies, etc.
Possible questions to ask and examine in this category include:
Does management engage in the same practices they preach?
Were safety rules in effect and enforced?
Was adequate supervision available?
Were regular safety inspections carried out?
Had hazards previously been identified?
Was regular maintenance of equipment carried out?
The follow-up to all of these questions is generally “Why was this situation allowed to exist?”

12. Accident analysis Manner of injury Contact with objects and equipment
Falls
Bodily reaction and exertion
Exposure to harmful substances or environments
Transportation accidents
Fires and explosions
Assaults and violent acts
Other events and exposures
For better understanding of trending of injuries it is beneficial to make a determination of the manner of injury when conducting an accident analysis.
The Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS) system can be used for these purposes and has 7 major division of injuries that include those mentioned in the slide. Employers may choose to break these categories down even further (i.e. categories for falls on same level vs. falls to different level.)

13. Accident analysis Hazard control
After the root causes of the injury have been identified, it is important to implement control measures to prevent future similar injuries from occurring.
The hierarchy of control measures in order of significance are:
Engineering;
Administrative;
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

14. Accident analysis
Engineering controls are used to remove a hazard or place a barrier between the worker and the hazard.
Well-designed engineering controls can be highly effective in protecting workers and will typically be independent of worker interactions to provide this high level of protection.
One example of an engineering control would be to change the way materials can be transported – for example using mechanical assist devices to relieve heavy load lifting.
The initial cost of engineering controls can be higher than the cost of administrative controls or personal protective equipment, but over the longer term, operating costs are frequently lower, and in some instances, can provide a cost savings in other areas of the process.

15. Accident analysis
Administrative controls are management dictated work practices and policies to reduce or prevent hazard exposure.
They include changes in job rules and procedures, rotating workers through jobs that are physically tasking, and training in recognition of hazards.
Since administrative controls do not eliminate hazards, management must assure that these practices and policies are followed.

16. Accident analysis
PPE generally provides a barrier between the worker and the hazard source.
Respirators, ear plugs, safety goggles, chemical aprons, safety shoes, and hard hats are all examples of PPE.
While often helpful, it is best to also attempt where feasible to use engineering and/or administrative controls in conjunction with PPE.

17. Accident analysis
Accident analysis should always include the steps below.
Provide first aid and medical care to injured person(s), and prevent further injuries or damage.
Report the accident occurrence to a designated person within the organization.
Investigate the accident.
Identify the root causes.
Report the findings.
Develop a plan for corrective action.
Implement the plan.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the corrective action.
Make changes for continuous improvement.

18. Accident analysis More on accident analysis
As little time as possible should be lost between the moment of an accident or near miss and the beginning of the investigation.
In this way, one is most likely to be able to observe the conditions as they were at the time, prevent disturbance of evidence, and indentify witnesses.
Tools that member of the investigating team need (forms, pencil, paper, camera, tape measure, etc.) should be immediately available so no time is wasted.

19. Accident analysis The written program should be specific as to:
Who will conduct the analysis (i.e., supervisors, safety committee members, employees familiar with the affected area, etc.);
What forms are available and where to obtain them;
When the incidents should be reported by employees;
When accident should be investigated (i.e., near misses, OSHA recordables, etc.)

20. Accident analysis Program objectives Prevent recurrences
Compare trends
Evaluate data
Identify needs
Make specific recommendations
Develop improvements

21. Accident analysis
Accident analysis should always be to gather facts and never to lay blame.
Your main objective is prevention!

22. Accident analysis Resources
The BWC Division of Safety And Hygiene offers accident analysis tools available from the BWC Web site.
In the Safety Services section on the ohiobwc.com home page select see more.
Then select see more under Online Tools and Resources.
The accident analysis form at this link provides an accident tree that can be helpful in finding root causes of an accident.
The accident analysis form mentioned here is not required for DFSP participants, but may still be a good resource for them. The form that they will use is mentioned on the last slide.

23. Accident analysis Resources (continued)
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA, Web site has many resources, including accident investigation.
From the home page, select the A to Z Index link.
Then select Accident Investigation from the list.
This page contains information from OSHA standards on accident investigation to accident statistics.
Another useful resource is the Small Business Handbook.
Find it by selecting the “How do you conduct accident investigations?” link.
And then selecting the Small Business Handbook PDF link.

24. Accident analysis
If you are taking this course as required for Drug Free Safety Program (DFSP) participants, remember that all supervisors are required to either take this course online or receive the training from the company accident analysis coordinator or a vendor. 
For all allowed claims that occur while participating in DFSP an accident report form (separate from the FROI) must be completed within 30 days of allowance of a claim. You can locate online reporting and the paper form at ohiobwc.com. Click on Ohio Employers and then forms, located on the left hand side. The accident report can be identified as DFSP-1.