1. Do Now: What were the reasons for the American and French Revolutions? How did the Enlightenment inspire these two revolutions?

2. Latin American Peoples Win Independence  As a result of the American Revolution, French Revolution, and Enlightenment European colonies overseas are going to want liberty, equality, and democratic rule.  Especially in Latin America; most of the population resented the European colonial powers.

3.  In Latin America, society was divided into six classes of people. 1.) At the top were the Peninsulares—those born in Spain 2.) Next were creoles, or Spaniards who had been born in Latin America. 3.) Below them were mestizos; mixed European and Indian ancestry. 4.) Next were mulattos, with mixed European and African ancestry 5.) Africans 6.) Indians Colonial Society Divided

5. Haitian Revolution  The French colony of Saint Dominque was the first Latin American colony to fight for independence.

6.  Almost all of the people who lived in the French colony were slaves of African origin.  The slaves outnumbered their masters so the masters used brutal measures to keep them powerless.  In 1791, about 100,000 of them rose in revolt.  Toussaint L’Ouverture, a former slave, became their leader.  He took control of the entire island and freed all the enslaved Africans.  In 1802 Napoleon sent troops to the island to end the rebellion.  Toussaint agreed to end the Revolution if the French would end slavery. Instead, the French arrested him and sent him to prison in the Alps where he died. Haitian Revolution

7.  Toussaint’s Lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines continued the fight.  In 1804, the colony declared its independence as Haiti.  Haiti means mountainous land. Toussaint L’Ouverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines

8. Creoles Lead Independence  Creoles were the least oppressed of those born in Latin America.  They were also the best educated; many went to Europe for their education where they learned about the Enlightenment ideas.  When they returned they brought those ideas of revolution back with them.  In 1808 Napoleon overthrew the king of Spain and named his own brother as king.  Creoles in Latin America had no loyalty to the new king.  They used John Locke’s idea of the consent of the governed and argued that when the real King was removed the power went to the people.  They revolted.  Even after the old king was restored, they did not give up their fight for freedom.

9. Creoles Lead Independence Two leaders pushed much of South America to independence. Simón Bolívar was a writer, fighter, and political thinker. He survived defeats and exile to help win independence for Venezuela in 1821. José de San Martín helped win independence for Argentina in 1816 and Chile in 1818. The two leaders joined together in Ecuador Bolívar led their combined armies to a great victory in 1824. This victory gained independence for all the Spanish colonies. The future countries of Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, and Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia. Simón Bolívar José de San Martín

10. Creoles Lead Independence

11. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule  In Mexico, mestizos and Indians led the fight for independence.  In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo, a village priest, called for a revolt against Spanish rule.  On September 16, 1810, he rang the bells of his village church. He gathered the peasants and he issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish. This is known as the grito de Dolores. (The cry of Dolores)  The next day an army of rebels marched towards Mexico City.  Creoles united with the Spanish government to put down this revolt by the lower classes.  They were afraid they would lose their property and power.  Hidalgo lost, but Padre José María Morelos took over leadership of the rebels.  Morelos lost again.  After a revolution in Spain put a new government to power, the creoles joined with the other groups fighting for independence.  In 1821, Mexico won its independence.  In 1823, the region of Central America separated itself from Mexico.

12. Brazil’s Royal Liberator  In Brazil, 8,000 creoles signed a paper asking the son of Portugal’s king to rule an independent Brazil.  He agreed.  Brazil became free that year through a bloodless revolt. Dom Pedro

13. Comic / Cartoon Draw a SIMPLE cartoon about either the Haitian, Creole, or Mexican Revolution that shows the following…  Who started the revolution? (class)  Where did the revolution take place?  What was the result?