1. Protestant Reformation & Catholic Counter-Reformation Chapter 15 (Sections 3 and 4)

2. The Causes n Renaissance Thinking –Emphasis on the secular and individual over the religious and spiritual n Rulers no longer recognized papal supremacy n Merchants resented paying taxes to Rome (the Church)

3. Problems within the Church n The Papacy –Amassed great personal wealth –Many disavowed celibacy; had mistresses and illegitimate children –More concerned with political than spiritual – Nepotism  popes made nephews cardinals

4. Martin Luther n The Ninety-fiveTheses –Pamphlet nailed to church’s doors in Wittenberg, Germany –Criticized churches sale of indulgences n Indulgences  a remission of the temporal punishment due to sin –Luther believed this a fraud and indulgences were being used inappropriately

5. Indulgences “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs.” ~Johann Tetzel

6. Martin Luther’s Beliefs n One could gain salvation through God’s grace alone –“Good works do not make a good man, but a good man does good works” n All teachings should be based on the Bible n People should have access to the Bible n Rejected transubstantiation –Transubstantiation  belief Christ was present in the Eucharist n Priests should marry & not wear ornate vestments

7. Church’s Reaction to Luther n Church realizes Luther is no joking matter n Leo X –Medici Pope –Luther must recant or face excommunication –Luther refuses to recant and is excommunicated

8. Charles V and the Diet of Worms n Charles V –Holy Roman Emperor and defender of Catholicism –Places Luther on trial n Guilty of heresy –Luther is branded an outlaw n No one may shelter or feed Luther

9. Impact of Luther n Ideas spread across northern Europe thanks to the printing press n Encourages followers called PROTESTANTS n New sect of Christianity called Lutheranism is established n Bible begins to be translated in the vulgate (common language) n War b/t Holy Roman Empire and Protestants

10. Calvinism n John Calvin –First “born again” n Beliefs –All humans are sinful by nature –Predestination  determine ahead of time what the destiny of groups and individuals will be. n God already knows who is going to Heaven  Creates a theocracy in Switzerland  No bright clothes or games/dancing

11. Henry VIII n Wants an annulment from wife because she did not “provide” him with a son. n Pope denies request n Has parliament pass laws, which make him the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church)

13. Catholic Reformation/Counter- Reformation n Weakened by the Protestant Reformation, the Church decides to make reforms n Attempt to regain power and influence n Council of Trent 1545-1563 (Pope Paul III) –Churches interpretation of Bible is final –Need both faith in God and good works to gain salvation –Indulgences are okay, but not the misuse of them –Seminaries opened to properly train priests

14. Ignatius Loyola & The Jesuits n Goals –Spread Catholicism –Open schools to prevent conversion to Protestantism –Missions to convert non-Christians in Asia, Africa, and the Americas n Fordham, Boston College, Georgetown

15. Renaissance Popes & Vatican n Church used $$$ from indulgences to finance a new Holy See –This would demonstrate the Church’s power and prestige

16. St. Peter’s Basilica

17. Inside St. Peter’s n St. Peter’s Dome Sunlight

18. Effects of the Reformation n End of religious unity in Western Europe n New sects of Christianity n Religious Conflict and Wars –Persecution of Huguenots in France –Civil War/Political upheaval in England n Inquisition  Church conducts trial of “heretics;” persecutes non-Catholics n Rise of anti-Semitism n Church/Pope loses influence/power