1. Nomads & Crisis, 2000-1200 BCE I.Climate Change Crisis, 2000 BCE II.Nomad Invasions III.Formation of Territorial States IDs: Vedic Age, 1500-500BCE, Shang Dynasty, territorial state, oracle bones, Hammurabi, Hammurabi, r. 1792-1750 BCE

2. Argument Climate change around 2000 BCE caused crisis which caused the breakdown of riverine civilizations and triggered nomadic invasions. After the crisis, nomads emerged as the rulers of territorial states, which were more militaristic than the cultures they succeeded.

3. 3500-2000 BCE: 3 Types of Cultures Village Agriculture Pastoral Nomads Riverine Cultures/ Civilizations

4. I. 2000 BCE: Climate change  disaster Drought Food shortage Drier climate

5. A. Indus River Culture destroyed

6. B. Disintegration of order in Egypt & Mesopotamia

7. C. Migration for next 1000 years

8. II. Nomads invade riverine cultures, 2000- 1600 BCE A. Nomad Technologies Horse Chariot Iron (1000 BCE)

9. B. South Asia: Vedic Nomads Invade, ca. 1500 BCE Indo-Europeans Aryans Vedic Age, 1500- 500 BCE

11. 1. Vedic People Horses Chariots Iron tools & weapons Pastoral  agricultural economy

12. 2. Conquest  North/South Division of South Asia Aryan Dravidian

13. II. Formation of Territorial States (1600) A. Characteristics Ruled by charioteer (nomad) elites More warlike Expansive Definite borders

14. B. A State has: Large territory Definite borders Dynastic kingship Army (charioteer elites) Government bureaucracy

15. Shang State (Dynasty): ca. 1600-1045 BCE

16. Ruling dynasty Army with horses & chariots Tombs Palaces

17. Royal Projects Bronze Metallurgy

18. Religious Authority Shang state was a patrimonial theocracy. Divination Oracle bones Control of diviners & scribes Ancestor worship Di (High God, founding ancestor of Shang family)

19. D. Building the State Problems: 1.Control of Conquered People

20. 2. Control of Army & Regions Hittites Anatolia Hattusilis I Babylon

21. E. State Projects 1.Centralized rule in king’s hands 2. Collect taxes or tribute Hammurabi, r. 1792-1750 BCE

22. Exaction of Tribute Service from elites (bureaucracy or army Agricultural produce & labor from commoners

23. Argument Climate change around 2000 BCE caused crisis which caused the breakdown of riverine civilizations and triggered nomadic invasions. After the crisis, nomads emerged as the rulers of territorial states, which were more militaristic than the cultures they succeeded.