1. Dramatic Terminology Keys to Understanding Drama as Literature

2. Characterization A character’s personality is revealed through Appearance Speech Thoughts (hidden or open) Actions Statements of others

3. The position of characters Protagonist Antagonist Foil Symbol Round Flat

4. Character Motives (Motivation) Self-interest Goals Needs Wants Fears ?

5. Irony Verbal Irony What is said is the opposite of what is meant EX: Antigone tells Ismene that the laws of the gods must mean nothing to her (to Ismene). Dramatic Irony The reader/audience knows more than the character EX: The audience knows who performed burial rites on Polyneices; Creon and the Sentry do not. Situational Irony The opposite of what is expected happens. EX: The Sentry returns (with Antigone in tow) after he swears he will never come back.

6. Allusion A reference to a familiar person, place, event, statement, or thing that is known from literature, history, religion, sports, science, arts, etc. EX: The Chorus, in Ode 2, refers to the “gathering sorrow” that “looms” around the children of Oedipus. Contemporary ex: Speaking of building an ark when it rains for days.

7. Metaphor & Simile Metaphor Speaking of something/someone as something else (transformational) EX: Creon calling Ismene a “snake… sucking (his) blood stealthily” Simile Comparison using “like” or “as” EX: Chorus saying that, for the house of Oedipus, "damnation… rises like a wave cresting…”

8. Tone The attitude a writer takes toward a character, a subject, or the reader. Comes through details and words EX: Antigone: “Ah, Creon, / Think me a fool, if you like; but it may well be / That a fool convicts me of folly.”

9. Imagery Language that appeals to the senses 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

10. Performance Techniques Verbal Enunciation, pace Nonverbal vocal (expression) Pitch, rate, volume, tone Nonverbal physical (body language) Facial expressions Eye contact Gestures, postures, movements

11. Greek Tragedy Outline Prologue Rising Action Climax / Turning Point Falling Action Catharsis Exodos Catastrophe

12. Scenes in Greek Tragedy Prologue Parodos First Episode First Stasimon Second Episode Second Stasimon Third Episode Third Stasimon Fourth Episode Fourth Stasimon Exodos

13. Tragedy Character wins sympathy of audience; Character falls due to Tragic flaw Circumstances beyond his/her control; Character discovers him/her true self; Character is defeated.

14. Choral Odes Strophe (right to left) Antistrophe (left to right) Purposes Commentary Division Reflection Connection/ Allusion