1. Kingdom Fungi

2. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.2 Importance of Kingdom Fungi 1. many pathogenic species  ex. Ringworm  ex. athlete’s foot  ex. potato blight 2. decomposers  i.e. saprophytes  recycle dead organisms (fertilize soil)  break down toxic waste

3. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.3 Importance of Kingdom Fungi 3. some species produce antibiotics ex. Penicillium 4. food source * mushrooms * make blue cheeses 5. yeast: used commercially to make:  bread  beer & wine chicken of the woods edible mushrooms beefsteak

4. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.4 Similarities Between Plants & Fungi Plants Fungi  eukaryotic cells  numerous organelles  multicellular (*except yeast)  have cell walls  anchored in soil  stationary  reproduce asexually or sexually

5. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.5 Differences Between Plants & Fungi PlantsFungi one nucleus per cellmany nuclei per cell autotrophsheterotrophs have rootsno roots cellulose in cell walls chitin in cell walls (like insects) reproduce by seedsno seeds

6. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.6 Generalized Function & Structure  made of thin filaments called hyphae  some hyphae have: A. cross walls (septa)  have pores which allow the movement of cytoplasm & nuclei between cells A Hyphae with septa cell wall nuclei

7. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.7 Generalized Function & Structure B. no cross walls  can’t see individual cells  i.e. tubes allowing cytoplasm & nuclei to flow freely B Hyphae without septa

8. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.8 Generalized Function & Structure mycelium formed by many intertwined hyphae  i.e. colony  usually forms on or below surface of soil C mycelium showing many interlocking hyphae

9. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.9 Classification fungi are classified by their reproductive structures 4 major divisions of fungi:  Zygomycetes – sporangia ex. Bread mould  Ascomycotes- sac fungi ex. yeast  Basidiomycotes- club fungi ex. mushrooms  Deuteromycotes- imperfect fungi usually parasitic

10. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.10 Life Cycle  many fungi reproduce both asexually & sexually  adaptive advantage  reproduce:  asexually when conditions are favorable  sexually when conditions are unfavorable i.e. limited nutrients & water

11. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.11 Life Cycle – Asexual Reproduction spores:  unicellular reproductive cells  formed in specialized spore cases called sporangia (um) fruiting body modified hyphae & spore case  when mature, sporangia break open releasing 1000’s of spores to be carried by the wind Sporangiophore  each spore forms a new mycelium (identical to parent)  ex. Rhizopus stoloniferous- bread mould

12. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.12 Life Cycle – Sexual Reproduction  2 nuclei in specialized hyphae (+) & (-) fuse  grow into a mushroom (fruiting body)  sexually produced spores form on the inside of the gills  as spores mature, mushroom opens up & releases its spores to the wind (up to 2 billion/mushroom)  each spore grows into a genetically different mycelium

13. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.13 Yeast  different from other fungi because:  unicellular  reproduce asexually by budding 1. nucleus doubles 2. one nucleus moves into the bud 3. bud grows & falls off to become a new yeast cell identical to parent

14. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.14 Homework 1. Read page 369-372 2. Make notes on Fungus Symbionts (mycorrhizae & lichen) 3. Questions Page 372 # 1 - 3 373 # 5 & 6 Study for the test!!

15. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.15 Symbiotic Fungi  some have mutualistic relationships with other species i.e. both benefit Examples 1. mycorrhizae: (fungus + plant root)  fungus absorbs minerals for plant  plant makes sugar for fungus by PHS

16. 6/23/2016SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S.16 Symbiotic Fungi 2. lichen (green algae + fungus)  grow on tree barks & rocks  fungus absorbs CO 2 & H 2 O from air  algae makes sugar for fungus by PHS  allows algae to live on land  important: a) provide food for animals in tundra (winter) b) air quality indicators: sensitive to air pollution  used in Chernobyl to judge if safe for humans from nuclear fallout