1. Why have a fixed style? Easier for readers Easier for publishers Easier for researchers

2. APA style Concise Transparent language Paraphrased citations Headings and subheadings Limited footnotes Impersonal disagreements, civility Hedged conclusions

3. When things become a bit less civil “Any hypothesis designed to account for sex differences that fails to specify why the sexes differ in the pivotal explanatory variable can charitably be described as incomplete” (Buss et al., 1999, p. 127). Buss, D. M., Shackelford, T. K., Kirkpatrick, L. A., Choe, J. C., Lim, H. K., Hasegawa, M., Hasegawa, T., & Bennett, K. (1999). Jealousy and the nature of beliefs about infidelity: Tests of competing hypotheses about sex differences in the United States, Korea, and Japan. Personal Relationships, 6, 125-150. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00215.x

4. Hedged conclusions “Data are consistent with…” “The results suggest…” rather than: “The results prove…”

5. Parts of a manuscript Title page Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion References Tables Figures Appendices

6. Structure of a manuscript Introduction Method Results Discussion

7. Title page Title: –Most important part of the article –≤ 12 words Authors Affiliations Running head: 50 characters max Author note

8. “When Fair is Foul and Foul is Fair: Reverse Priming in Automatic Evaluation” “Attachment Working Models and Cognitive Openness in Close Relationships: A Test of Chronic and Temporary Accessibility Effects” “Less Pain and More to Gain: Why High-Status Group Members Blame Their Failure on Discrimination” “Differential Association of Traits of Fear and Anxiety with Norephinephrine- and Dark- Induced Pupil Reactivity”

9. Abstract Second most important part of the article Word limit vary by journal (usually 150-250 words) Summary of paper Write the abstract last!

10. Introduction Literature review How does the present study fit in? Purpose of the present experiment Predictions

11. Method Participants Apparatus/Materials Procedure

12. Results Descriptive statistics References to tables & figures Inferential statistics Full sentences –“Participants given the large incentive changed their opinion significantly less (M = 2.3) than participants given no incentive (M = 3.5), t(45) = 2.193, p =.03.” Present, but don’t interpret results

13. Discussion Interpret the results How well were the hypotheses supported? Implications for theory Qualifications of results Practical implications Future research

14. References American Psychological Association. (1994). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Ruggiero, K. M. & Marx, D. M. (1999). Less pain and more to gain: Why high status group members blame their failure on discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 774-784. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.774

15. Tables Table 1 Experiment 1: Cell Means and (Standard Deviations) Within Each Condition Note. Manipulative intent and ad persuasiveness were scored on 7-point scales from 0 to 6, with larger scores indicating more of the quality.

16. Figures Graphical representation of data Picture of materials (when necessary) Figure captions now get placed on same page as the figure