1. Central European Monarchs Clash Disagreements between monarchs across Europe led to the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648).

2. What caused the war? Germany torn by numerous religious wars that finally ended in 1555 Rulers of German states agreed to individually decide whether their lands would be Protestant or Catholic Disagreements between states increased tensions over next decades

3. Thirty Years’ War Erupts 1618: war erupts and lasts for 30 terrible years First half of war won by Catholic Forces – Led by Ferdinand, Holy Roman Emperor – Soldiers looted Protestant towns as they traveled Soon, tides of war turned in the favor of Protestant king of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus

4. Thirty Years’ War Erupts During last years of war, France helped Protestant forces – Richelieu feared growing power of Hapsburg family 1648: end of war – Germany: 4 million dead and economy in ruins; two centuries to recover – Peace of Westphalia Weakened power of Austria and Spain; Increased power of France France gained German territory German princes independent from Holy Roman Empire Introduced new way of negotiating peace

6. Recovering from War After the end of the terrible war, Europe began to recover.

7. Formation of Modern States Economies less developed in central Europe – not based on cities and commercialism – most still peasants while few nobles enjoyed great wealth and influence Regardless, strong states slowing rose from the dust – Austria, Hungary, Bohemia led by Hapsburg family (Maria Theresa) – Prussia, new powerful state in northern Germany, led by Hohenzollerns

8. Prussia Challenges Austria 1740: Fredrick the Great of Prussia successfully invades Maria Theresa’s land – War of Austrian Succession – Maria Theresa kept rest of empire intact 1756: Seven Years’ War – Fighting continued between Austria and Prussia – Austria abandoned Britain; joined France and Russia – Prussia joined Britain and won – Britain gained economic domination of India as a result

9. A CLOSER LOOK: Thirty Years’ War Individually, read over the information about this war on page 603-604 in your textbooks. Then, examine “The Hanging”, one of many primary source etchings created by Jacques Callot, a French artist, to showcase the horrendous atrocities of the Thirty Years’ War. As you examine your own copy, circle any and everything that sticks out with a highlighter or colored marker. Also, jot your own personal notes around the edges of the sheet. What specific characters or objects do you notice in this etching? What do you think these characters and objects represent? Below the etching, answer the question below: What does this primary source tell you about the Thirty Years’ War?

12. A CLOSER LOOK: Thirty Years’ War Using an iPad, examine the additional primary source etchings included in Callot’s entire series entitled “The Miseries and Misfortunes of War”. A link to the series is included in the ‘World History Links’ tab on my class webpage. Once you have accessed the link and as you examine each source, complete the chart on the back of the original etching discussed together as a class. As you examine and analyze, focus on the questions below: What specific characters or objects do you notice in this etching? What do you think these characters and objects represent? What do you think is happening in this etching? What does this primary source tell you about the Thirty Years’ War? You will need the information you collect on to complete the final GRADED element of this activity. So, do your best. Take it seriously. K, thanks

13. A CLOSER LOOK: Thirty Years’ War Now that you are finished looking over the sources, write a letter to a friend or family member who knows nothing about the Thirty Years’ War. Describe the horrible effects it had on soldiers as well as all inhabitants of Europe. Tell this friend everything you know. Include specific examples from the primary sources. REQUIREMENTS First Person One Page Minimum Creative/Realistic Source Examples (5; highlighted)