2. Unit 1 Vocabulary 19 terms Astronomy- Meteorology- Geology- Oceanography- Lithosphere- Asthenosphere- Hydrosphere- Atmosphere- Biosphere- Hypothesis- Independent Variable- Dependent Variable- Control- Scientific Notation- Theory- Law- Precision- Accuracy- Know your SI Units

3. Additional Definitions 12 terms Experimental Group Control Group Hypothesis Prediction Data Collection Multiple Trials Inference Average Median Mode Range Critical Thinking

4. TERM MEANINGS for Slide 2: Group that changes one thing at a time. Group doesn’t change anything. Stays the same. Educated guess on how to solve a problem. What you think is going to happen based on evidence. Numbers, charts, tables, or descriptions. Doing the exp. many times to test outcome. Using what you know to figure out what you don’t Adding up ALL numbers and DIVIDING by how many. Middle number in a set of data. The number that occurs the most. The lowest number subtracted from the highest number. Using several skills to solve harder problems.

5. Unit 1: Intro to Earth Science and Scientific Processes

6. Earth Science There are 4 different Areas of Earth science Meteorology Astronomy Geology Oceanography short is MAGO

7. Meteorology Meteorology is the study of the air that surrounds our planet. Meteorologists study the forces and processes that cause the atmosphere to change to produce weather. They also try to predict the weather and how changes in weather might affect Earth’s climate.

8. Astronomy Astronomy is the study of objects beyond the Earth’s atmosphere Astronomers study the universe and everything in it. This includes planets, stars, galaxies, etc.

9. 3. Geology - study of - materials that make up Earth & processes that form and change these materials. –Geologists identify rocks, study glacial movements, interpret clues to Earth’s 4.6 billion-year history, and determine how forces change our planet

10. – Beneath Earth’s mantle is the core, which can be divided into two parts: an outer, liquid part and a solid, inner part. – Earth’s core and asthenosphere are not parts of the lithosphere but they do interact with it.

11. Oceanography 2. hydrosphere consists of water in oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and glaciers, as well as the water in atmosphere. – About 97 % of Earth is salt water – ¾ of Planet. – About 3 % of Earth is freshwater contained in glaciers, lakes and rivers, and beneath Earth’s surface as groundwater. – Oceanographers study the creatures that inhabit salty waters, and measure different physical and chemical properties of the ocean.

12. Earth Science in Your Everyday Life –The Study of science, including Earth science, has led to the discovery of many things that you use every day. Application is called technology. –Technology is transferable, which means that it can be applied to new situations.

13. Earth Systems Geosphere (Includes the Lithosphere) Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere

14. Geosphere/ Lithosphere Earth’s lithosphere is the rigid outer shell of the planet and includes the crust and the solid, uppermost part of the layer below the crust, the mantle. Some of Earth’s upper mantle behaves like a rigid solid while other parts of this layer are partially molten and flow like a soft plastic. This partially molten layer of the mantle is the asthenosphere. – Beneath Earth’s mantle is the core, which can be divided into two parts: an outer, liquid part and a solid, inner part. – Earth’s core and asthenosphere are not parts of the lithosphere but they do interact with it.

15. Hydrosphere The hydrosphere consists of the water in Earth’s oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and glaciers, as well as the water in the atmosphere About 97 percent of Earth’s water exists as salt water; the remaining 3 percent is freshwater contained in glaciers, in lakes and rivers, and beneath Earth’s surface as groundwater.

16. Atmosphere The atmosphere is the blanket of gases that surrounds our planet. Purposes Respiration for living creatures Protects us from Sun’s radiation Helps control the Earth’s temperature The atmosphere is 78% Nitrogen and only 21% Oxygen and less than 1% Argon and other gases. YOU NEED TO KNOW Gases in the atmosphere..

17. Biosphere 4. The biosphere includes all organisms on Earth as well as the environments they live in. – With some exceptions, most organisms exist within a few meters of Earth’s surface.

18. Subspecialties of Earth Science Climatology- Patterns of weather over a long period of time. The climatologists also study the effects of human activities on weather and climate. Paleontology- Paleontologists study the remains of organisms that once lived on Earth and ancient environments.

19. Hydrology- Hydrologists study the water flow on and below the Earth’s surface. This includes the sources of and solutions to water pollution. Ecology- Ecologists study the habitats of organisms and how organisms interact with each other and their environments.

20. Geochemistry- Geochemists study the Earth’s composition and the processes that change it. The study of tectonics includes the Effects of internal processes on Earth’s surface. This includes earthquakes and mountain building.

21. The Scientific Method The Scientific method is a way of solving scientific problems using several steps. Hypothesis Experimentation Analysis Conclusions

22. Scientific Method a logical approach to solving problems 1. Observe a Problem with senses 2. Hypothesis – proposed reason or explanation for observations, called an educated guess 3. Experimentation – test your hypothesis 4. Conclusion – may lead to a theory *** steps can be in different order

23. Hypothesis- the suggested explanation for an observation. Ex) The more water a plant is given, the faster it will grow. NOTE: A hypothesis can be supported or not supported, but not wrong or right.

24. Experimentation- testing of a hypothesis by using an organized procedure that involves making measurements and observations. This should be done in a manner that someone else could repeat the procedure used, so it needs to be detailed. *** In experiments, only test one thing at a time. Ex) With the plants, have several plants that you add an extra amount of water to test the growth

25. Important things to note in experiments Independent variable- factor that is manipulated or changed during an experiment. Ex) amount of water Dependent variable- factor that changes if independent variable is changed. What is being measured. Ex) Does the plant grow more? Constants- factors that do not change during an experiment. Ex) use the same soil and plant seeds Control- used in an experiment to show that the results of an experiment are a result of being tested. Ex) a plant with no water or a set amount of water

26. Analysis and Conclusion During the experiment, all data including measurements and observations, are carefully recorded. This is to ensure that someone redoing your experiment could compare results. Conclusion is for stating if your hypothesis was supported or what you found out. Not enough or too much water would kill the plant Supported between two amounts of water

27. Scientific Theory v. Scientific Law Theory: a thoroughly tested model that explains why an experiment gives certain results Can never be proven – always possible a new experiment will disprove it. Law: describes a scientific phenomenon without attempting to explain it. Law of Conservation of Matter: Matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a physical change or chemical reaction.

28. Theory vs. Law Scientific theory- an explanation based on many observations during repeated experiments. Only valid if: Agrees with observations Makes predictions that can be tested Simplest explanation of observations *** Theories can be changed or modified with the discovery of new data. – Laws are NOT.***

29. Law Scientific Law- basic fact that describes behavior of a natural phenomenon. Results are constant. *** rule of nature*** The cause of a law does not necessarily have to be known. Ex) Newton’s Law of Gravity… We all feel the effects of gravity and know that we do not float up into space.

30. A well known theory… A Global Impact Theory (how the dinosaurs died) In the gulf of Mexico there is a crater from a large impact. There is a layer of ash and Uranium deposits that could have been from a large impact. The dinosaurs died. **These are observations that there was an impact, but we cannot connect it to the death of dinosaurs…

31. Measurements ** ANSWERS ALWAYS INCLUDE A NUMBER AND A UNIT. Ex) not 6, but 6 in. Not ½, but ½ ft If you do not have the unit it is not correct. SI (Standard International) Units The unit you put a measurement in. This is the same around the world so that scientists can communicate even if they do not speak the same language. This is the metric system- BASED ON THE NUMBER 10

32. Length- distance between two objects Meters (m) Mass- the amount of matter in an object Kilograms (kg) DOES NOT CHANGE.. Weight- force of gravity on an object Newtons (N) CAN CHANGE.. Area- amount of surface on an object Squared centimeters (cm 2 ) Volume- Amount of space occupied by an object Milliliters (mL) or Cubic Centimeters (cm 3 )

33. Density- measure of amount of matter that occupies a given space grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm 3 ) Grams per milliliter (g/mL) Time- interval between two events Seconds (s) Temperature- measure of average vibrations of particles that make up an object. Kelvins (K) - For experiments, measure in Celsius (°C) then change into K K= C + 273

34. Copper has a density of 8.92 g/cm 3. If I have a piece of copper that has a mass of 26 g, what is the volume of my copper?

35. International System of Units (SI) Measurement length mass time temperature volume electric current Base Unit meter kilogram second Celsius (Kelvin) liters, meters cubed ampere

37. King Henry Died Unexpectedly (By) Drinking Chocolate Milk Prefixes you need to know Kilo- (k-)… 1 thousand(x 1000) or 10 3 Hecto- (h-)… 1 hundred(x 100) or 10 2 Deka- (D-)… 1 ten(x 10) or 10 1 Unit base - METER, LITER, GRAM Deci- (d-)… 1 tenth(x 1/10) or 10 -1 Centi- (c-)… 1 hundredth(x 1/100) or 10 -2 Milli- (m-)… 1 thousandth(x 1/1000) or 10 -3

38. Metric Stairs  You should be comfortable with converting from [cm] to [m], [mm] to [km], and so on. Convert: 1527 centigrams into hectograms: going four steps up means you move the decimal 4 places to the left. Therefore: 1527 centigrams =.1527 hectograms & 9.8712345 kg = (steps to the right) 9871234.5 mg

39. METRIC MATH..all based on 10 KILO HECTO DEKA BASE deci centi milli 1. 8.9 cm = __________ Dam 2..6143 km = _________ dm 3. 41.8 m = ____________ cm

42. Scientific Notation Scientific notation is a shorthand used for writing very large or very small numbers The number is expressed as a number between 1 and 10. That number is multiplied by a power of 10 to show the difference in the decimal Ex) 1,000,000 would be written as 1.0 x 10 6.0000001 would be 1.0 x 10 -6

43. Scientific Notation: Written w/ Powers of Ten 6.02 x 10 23 Coefficient Exponent

44. Convert the following between decimal form and scientific notation. 0.000 000 450 3.81 x 10 6 9.66 x 10 -4 75,000,000

45. Examples – Sci Notation & Standard Form 56.0000000000002 3,497.0124 4.67 x 10 7 7.1482 x 10 -3 2.6 x 10 8

46. 3 Kinds of Science Variables Independent Variable – something that is changed by the scientist What is tested What is manipulated

47. 3 Kinds of Variables Dependent Variable – something that might be affected by the change in the independent variable. What is observed What is measured The data collected during the investigation

48. 3 Kinds of Variables Controlled Variable – a variable that is not changed. Parts of an experiment that remain the same. Also called constants Allow for a “fair test”

49. How do you set up Data on Graphs? I.V. Are plotted on the X- axis D.V. Are plotted on the Y- axis A Graph should always include: A TITLE X and Y – axis labels with units A consistent interval of numbers

51. Example: Students of different ages were given the same jigsaw puzzle to put together. They were timed to see how long it took to finish the puzzle.

52. What was the Independent variable? Answer: Ages of the students Different ages were tested by the scientist

53. What was the dependent variable? Answer: The time it to put the puzzle together The time was observed and measured by the scientist

54. What was a controlled variable? Same puzzle All of the participants were tested with the same puzzle. It would not have been a fair test if some had an easy 30 piece puzzle and some had a harder 500 piece puzzle.

55. Significant Figures These are the measurable digits in a number/measurement Use the Atlantic/ Pacific Rules If the number does not have a visible decimal, apply the Atlantic rule- start counting from the right with the first non-zero digit If the number has a visible decimal place, apply the Pacific rule- start counting from the left with the first non-zero digit

56. Significant Figures Rules If DECIMAL – Start at the Pacific (left) with 1 st non zero number.. Count to the Atlantic (right side). That is how many sig. figs If NO DECIMAL –Start at the Atlantic(right) with 1 st nonzero number. Count each number to the Pacific side. Ex; 981.0 - has 4 Sig. Figs Ex; 502,000 - has 3 Sig. Figs. cont

57. Examples How many significant figures are in the following measurements? 0.05730 m 8765 m 0.00073 g 40.007 m 143 grams 0.074 m-2 8.750 x 10 -2 grams 1.072 m

58. Sig Figs cont.. Rule: A number written in scientific notation – all coefficient numbers are sig. figs. Ex: 7.2910 X 10 5 - has 5 sig figs.

59. Examples How many significant figures are in the following measurements? 0.05730 m 8765 m 0.00073 g 40.007 m 143 grams 0.074 m-2 8.750 x 10 -2 grams 1.072 m

60. Accuracy vs. Precision Accuracy – how close a measurement comes to the true value Precision – how close a series of measurements are to one another

61. Accuracy vs. Precision

62. Good accuracy Good precision Poor accuracy Good precision Poor accuracy Poor precision

63. Precision A gauge of how exact a measurement is (consistent) This is limited by the least precise measurement Accuracy The closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured

64. Accuracy vs. Precision A student collects the following measurements for a segment of copper wire: 19.8 cm, 19.2 cm, 19.5 cm. If the wire is 25.5 cm in length, were the student’s measurements accurate, precise, both or neither?

65. Density Is the measure of how tightly packed the particles or matter of an object is.. It is the RATIO of a material’s MASS TO ITS VOLUME. Density identifies a material and is the same no matter the materials size.

66. Density Finding Density for a regularly shaped object : 5.0 cm 10.0 cm 4.0 cm Given : Mass = 827 g Find Volume: L X W X H plug in formula Remember:

67. What would you report as the length of each pin shown below? Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry  2002, page 122

68. What is the temperature as measured by each thermometer shown below? 10 5 0 4.0 o C 10 5 0 8.3 o C 100 50 0 64 o C 5 0 3.5 o C

69. 20 10

70. DO YOU KNOW – ? DISCUSS TOGETHER OR LOOK UP? What does AEROBIC RESPIRATION MEAN? What does ANAEROBIC RESPIRATIONS MEAN?

71. ANSWERS.. TAKE NOTES as needed What does AEROBIC RESPIRATION MEAN? MEANS IT REQUIRES OXYGEN TO BE PRESENT. What does ANAEROBIC RESPIRATIONS MEAN? MEANS IT DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN TO BE PRESENT.