1. Later Groups of the Fertile Crescent

2. Empires and Dominance Sumer 3200-2350 B.C. Sumer 3200-2350 B.C. Sargon of Akkad 2334-2315 B.C. Sargon of Akkad 2334-2315 B.C. Babylonian 2350-1600 B.C. Babylonian 2350-1600 B.C. Hittites/Kassites 1450-1200 B.C. Hittites/Kassites 1450-1200 B.C. Assyrian 1000-612 B.C. Assyrian 1000-612 B.C. Chaldeans (New Babylonian) 605-550 B.C. Chaldeans (New Babylonian) 605-550 B.C. Phoenicians 1550 – 300 B.C. Phoenicians 1550 – 300 B.C.

4. Recap Sumer was the world’s first Civilization. Sumer was the world’s first Civilization. The city-states of Sumer fought one another for control of southern Mesopotamia. The city-states of Sumer fought one another for control of southern Mesopotamia. The Akkadians to the North, led by Sargon conquered Sumer around 2300 B.C.E. and creating the world’s first empire. The Akkadians to the North, led by Sargon conquered Sumer around 2300 B.C.E. and creating the world’s first empire.

5. To Conquer Building an empire Building an empire (land with different territories and people under a single rule) (land with different territories and people under a single rule) Struggle for control of the region continued

6. Babylon Babylon was once a Sumerian town. Babylon was once a Sumerian town. Located along the Euphrates River, near what is today Bagdad, Iraq. Located along the Euphrates River, near what is today Bagdad, Iraq. By 1800 B.C.E., Babylon had become a powerful government on its own. By 1800 B.C.E., Babylon had become a powerful government on its own.

7. Hammurabi By 1792 B.C.E. Hammurabi would become Babylon’s greatest King. (Monarch- ruler of a kingdom or empire). By 1792 B.C.E. Hammurabi would become Babylon’s greatest King. (Monarch- ruler of a kingdom or empire). Brilliant military leader Brilliant military leader Improved Babylon’s tax collecting system Improved Babylon’s tax collecting system Increased wealth and trade. Increased wealth and trade. Oversaw many building and irrigation projects. Oversaw many building and irrigation projects.

8. Most Importantly Hammurabi’s Code- was a set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of life. Hammurabi’s Code- was a set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of life. Laws about trade, loans, theft, marriage, injury and murder. Laws about trade, loans, theft, marriage, injury and murder.

9. Hammurabi’s Code Laws Examples Laws Examples  “If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.”  “If he break another man’s bone, his bone shall be broken.”  “If he put out the eye of a man’s slave, or break the bone of a man’s slave, he shall pay one-half its value.”

10. King Hammurabi Ruled for 42 years Ruled for 42 years Babylon became the most important city of Mesopotamia during his time as King. Babylon became the most important city of Mesopotamia during his time as King. After his death, Babylonian power declined and invaders conquered. After his death, Babylonian power declined and invaders conquered.

11. Hittites & Kassites Hittites battle to take over Babylon 1595 BC Hittites battle to take over Babylon 1595 BC They are the first to create Iron weapons & Chariots They are the first to create Iron weapons & Chariots After conquering Babylon Hittite King is assassinated After conquering Babylon Hittite King is assassinated Kassites take over and ruke for 400 years Kassites take over and ruke for 400 years

12. Assyrians From northern Mesopotamia From northern Mesopotamia Briefly took the city of Babylon in 1200 B.C.E. Briefly took the city of Babylon in 1200 B.C.E. Later (900 B.C.E.) they conquered all of the Fertile Crescent. Later (900 B.C.E.) they conquered all of the Fertile Crescent. Had a strong army and used iron weapons and chariots. Had a strong army and used iron weapons and chariots. Demanded heavy taxes from regions they conquered, and punishments were severe. Demanded heavy taxes from regions they conquered, and punishments were severe.

13. Advanced Technology Iron Weapons and ShieldsHorse Drawn Cavalry (replaces chariot)

14. New Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Empire) 605 to 550 B.C. Conquered the Assyrians 605 to 550 B.C. Conquered the Assyrians Known for its wealth and excess Known for its wealth and excess King Nebuchadnezzar ruled from 605 to 562 B.C. King Nebuchadnezzar ruled from 605 to 562 B.C. –Built Hanging Gardens of Babylon –Captured Judah in 586, destroyed the great temple in Jerusalem, and forced many Hebrews into exile in Babylon.

15. Hanging Gardens of Babylon One of the “Seven Wonders of the World” One of the “Seven Wonders of the World” Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 B.C. on top of stone arches 23 meters above ground and watered from the Euphrates by a complicated mechanical system. Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 B.C. on top of stone arches 23 meters above ground and watered from the Euphrates by a complicated mechanical system. Series of terraces filled with plants. Series of terraces filled with plants.

17. Phoenicians Located on the Western end of the Fertile Crescent. (along the Mediterranean Sea) Located on the Western end of the Fertile Crescent. (along the Mediterranean Sea) Created a wealthy trading society. Created a wealthy trading society. Expert sailors and built one of the finest harbors at the city of Tyre. Expert sailors and built one of the finest harbors at the city of Tyre. Traveled to Egypt, Greece, Italy, Sicily, and Spain to trade. Traveled to Egypt, Greece, Italy, Sicily, and Spain to trade.

18. Phoenicians Continued Traded lumber, silver, ivory, and slaves. Traded lumber, silver, ivory, and slaves. Developed one of the world’s first alphabets. (set of letters that can be combined to words) Developed one of the world’s first alphabets. (set of letters that can be combined to words) From 1200 to 800 B.C.E. From 1200 to 800 B.C.E.