1. Treatment for Psychological Disorders Unit XIII AP Psychology

2. Intro to Treatment ● History of Treatment ● Deinstitutionalization Movement ● Qualified Professionals ● Psychiatrist ● Clinical Psychologist ● Counselor/Counseling Psychologists ● Clients ● Outpatients ● Inpatients

3. Intro to Treatment ● Types of Therapy ● Psychotherapy – therapist/client relationship to overcome difficulties or achieve growth ● Biomedical – medications ● Eclectic – techniques from various forms

4. Intro to Treatment ● What do you think are some complications? ● Stigma ● People do not know possible benefits ● People to not know how to find one ● Insurance providers, community centers, schools & universities ● Basic goal: to help people change their way of thinking, feeling, or behavior

5. Psychoanalytic Model Psychoanalysis – focus on achievement of insight thru uncovering of the unconscious internal conflict; based on Freud and Jung’s ideas ● Free association – patients express what ever comes to mind, in hope to reveal important matters. ● Resistance – delays in responding or editing; getting close ● Cathartic – release of emotions can feel good

6. Psychoanalytic Model ● Dream interpretation ● Transference – feelings toward the analyst similar to a significant person ● Psychodynamic – condensed version of psychoanalytic

7. Humanistic Model Humanistic Approach – focus on people’s inherent potential for self-fulfillment ● Insight Therapies– psychoanalytic and humanistic; aim to increase person’s awareness ● Client centered or Person-centered Therapy ● Unconditioned Positive Regard ● Non-directive – therapist does not tell client what to do; uses active listening techniques ● Rogers and Maslow help client decrease gap between ideal self and real self

8. Humanistic Model ● Other Humanistic Approaches ● Existential Therapy – help client find meaning and purpose to life ● Gestalt Therapy – Fritz Perls; help client become “whole” by pulling together separate parts of one’s self

9. Behavior Model Behavioral Model– focus on behavior and condition; not necessarily source of psychological issues ● Counterconditioning– Mary Cover Jones; reverse fears with pairing with positive stimuli ● Systematic Desensitization– Joseph Wolpe; most success approach against phobias ● Teach breathing and relaxation methods ● Patient creates anxiety hierarchy ● Expose patient to lowest event on hierarchy, work way up

10. Behavior Model ● Flooding – Mary Cover Jones; attempt to overwhelm the patient with another fear to achieve extinction ● Virtual reality exposure therapy ● Modeling ● Token Economies – behavioral modification ● Averse Therapy – pair a problem behavior with an unpleasant stimulus. ● Criticism- do not attack the root of the problem; no attention on human emotion or thought

11. Cognitive-Behavioral Model ● Psychologist work to change behavior along with the cognitions held by the patients ● Explanatory Styles – formulated by Martin Seligman ● Pessimistic explanatory styles of self-blame ● Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)–by Albert Ellis ● Challenges irrational cognitions of the patients ● Cognitive Triad – Aaron Beck’s concept of peoples negative thoughts about themselves, the events around them and the future

12. Cognitive-Behavioral Model ● Cognitive Restructuring – attempt to have patient confront and modify dysfunctional way of the thinking ● Criticism ● Sometimes times ARE bad and patients’ perspective is reasonable ● Ellis’s REBT could be too confrontational

13. Group Therapy Formats Group Therapy– meeting with others who share similar problems ● Self-Help Groups – more likely run by someone with less of a clinical therapy background. Examples? ● Family Therapy – bring members of a family together; each person is a part of the group and their interactions impact all the others. ● Community Psychology Models – prevention at the grass roots level

14. Biomedical Model & Tx Biomedical model mainly addresses the use of psychotropic drugs, which can focus on brain abnormalities and NT or hormonal imbalances. Psychotropic Drugs– mood stabilizers, antidepressant, antianxiety, and antipsychotic ● Mood Stabilizers – Lithium Carbonate used to treat bipolar disorder ● Antidepressant ● Tricyclics and MAO inhibitors – work to increase norepinephrine and serotonin activity ● Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s) increase serotonin thru blocking reuptake; Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil

15. Biomedical Model & Tx ● Antianxiety – forms of tranquilizers; Valium and Xanax; highly addictive ● Antipsychotic – used to treat schizophrenia; block or inhibit dopamine levels ● Other Biomedical Tx ● Prefrontal Lobotomy ● Electroconvulsive Therapy ● Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulations (rTMS) ● Light Therapy

16. TREATMENT SOLUTIONS Which is the most effective? Therapeutic Alliance Relationship between therapist and patient Making the client feel respected, accepted, and understood = success