1. Earthquakes and Volcanoes General Overview

2. Key Words Tectonic Plates Lava, Magma Crater Magma Chamber Richter Scale Seismograph Seismometer Tilt Metre Plate Boundary/Margin Constructive Destructive Conservative Focus Epicentre Friction Vibrations Aftershock Mantle Composite Volcano Shield Volcano. Ash

3. Causes Earthquakes Conservative Destructive. Plates moving against or into each other. Pressure buildings. Rock eventually gives way causing friction and vibrations. Draw a diagram in the Exam if it says you can. Volcanoes Constructive Destructive Shield Volcanoes – Conservative plate boundary. Plates move apart allowing magma to rise to fill the gaps. Composite Volcanoes – Destructive Plate Boundary. Oceanic Plate forced under continental deep into the Mantle. Plate melts and forms magma. Magma rises to a magma chamber. Pressure builds up until an eruption occurs.

4. Effects Primary Death/Injury Loss of land Building damaged and destroyed Damage to infrastructure eg. Gas, Roads. Secondary Homelessness Poor water/food supply = famine and possible further deaths. Loss of earnings Long term damage to infrastructure and Economy.

5. Responses Earthquake Action Plans E/Q proof Buildings Improving strength of Infrastructure Improving prediction techniques Volcanoes Evacuation procedures Prediction using Tilt Meters, Seismometers, Gas Emissions and Animal Behaviour

6. Why do people live near Volcanoes? – Case Study Mount Etna Fertile Soil Tourism – Skiing and Site Seeing Too poor to move Iceland Geothermal Energy Tourism

7. Earthquake Proof Buildings Case Study Tokyo Japan Shutters to prevent fire spreading Sprinklers Cross Brace Bars Rubber Shock Absorbers Schools Practice Drills.

8. Case Studies Earthquake MEDC Kobe 1995 LEDC India 2001 Pakistan 2005 Volcanoes MEDC Mt St Helens 1980 LEDC Montserrat 1997

9. Exam Questions Why do Volcanoes or Earthquake occur? (4) Using an example you studied why do people live near Volcanoes? (6) What are the effects of Volcanoes/Earthquakes? (6) How can the effects of Tectonic Hazards be reduced? (6) Compare the impact of a volcanic eruption on an LEDC and an MEDC. (9)