1. GEOGRAPHY

2. Restless Earth Density Colour Age Rock Type More dense – heavier
Distribution of plates; contrasts between
continental and oceanic plates.
Destructive, constructive and conservative
plate margins.
Density
Colour
Age
Rock Type
More dense – heavier
Darker
Younger
Basalt
Less dense
Lighter (in colour)
Older
Granit

3. Destructive, constructive and conservative
Restless Earth
Destructive, constructive and conservative
plate margins.
oceanic and continental plate move towards each other.
The dense oceanic plate is forced under the continental plate.
As it sinks below the continental plate the oceanic plate melts due to friction in the subduction zone.
The crust becomes molten called magma.
This may be forced to the surface of the earth causing a volcanic eruption.
The movement of the oceanic plate is not smooth.
Due to friction the plate gets stuck. Pressure then builds up.
The plate will eventually slip sometimes causing an earthquake.

4. Mid ocean ridge?
Plates move away from each other due to convection currents in the magma
Magna rises from the mantle through the opening.
The magna erupts to the surface of the earth.
When the magma reaches the surface the lava cools and creates new crust.

6. Formation of ocean trenches?

7. Shield Volcanoes Composite Volcanoes Destructive Steep sides frequent
Explosive
Less frequent
Made of alternative layers of ash + lava
Eg mount fuji
frequent
Non violent
Gentle slopes
Low-wide base cone
Thin-runny lava
E.g.. Mauna loa
Constructive PB

8. Andes: fold mountain The length of the west coast of south America.
Oceanic and continental crust
Farming
Grow crops on low valleys. Cash crops:
HEP: Hydroelectic action
Steep slopes, narrow valleys = easily dammed. Snow melt increases supplies. El Platinal dam 2nd biggest in Peru
Mining
Lot of important minable material. Iron, nickel, silver, Gold, Coal, Oil. Mining in Yanacocha is open cast (largest in the world)
Tourism

10. Key techniques for monitoring a volcano
Warning signs
Monitoring techniques
Hundreds of small earthquakes are caused as magma rises up through cracks in the Earth's crust.
Seismometers are used to detect earthquakes.
Temperatures around the volcano rise as activity increases.
Thermal imaging techniques and satellite cameras can be used to detect heat around a volcano.
When a volcano is close to erupting it starts to release gases. The higher the sulfur content of these gases, the closer the volcano is to erupting.
Gas samples may be taken and chemical sensors used to measure sulfur levels.

11. Preparing for an eruption
A detailed plan is needed for dealing with a possible eruption. Everyone who could be affected needs to know the plan and what they should do if it needs to be put into action. Planning for a volcanic eruption includes:
creating an exclusion zone around the volcano
being ready and able to evacuate residents
having an emergency supply of basic provisions, such as food
funds need to be available to deal with the emergency and a good communication system needs to be in place

13. Predicting & Preparing
Earthquakes
Predicting & Preparing
Seismometer: used to pick up the vibrations in the Earth’s crust. An increase may indicate earthquake.
Radon gas: escapes from cracks in crust. Sudden increase= earthquake.
Training: holding drills, education via TV, Radio.
Emergency kits: stored in homes, tinned food. First aid, blankets.
Earthquake proof buildings: designed to absorb the energy from earthquake.

14. Richer Scale
Mercalli Scale
Scale
1 – 10+
I – XII
Measuring Tool
Seismograph
Observation
Measures
The energy released by earthquake
The effects caused by earthquake
Calculation
Information resulted from seismometers that measure the shock waves and movement
Quantified from observation of effect on earth’s surface, human, objects and man made structures.

15. Conservative Plate Boundary :
San Andreas

16. CASE STUDY: Haiti (LEDC)
3m affected
EFFECTS
280,000 buildings collapsed
=90% of all
316,000 killed
Transport & communication links damaged
16,500 schools damaged
1/5 jobs lost
Huge economy impact
Flattened homes= living on the streets n cars.
Roads blocked 10 days after

17. CASE STUDY: Japan (MEDC)
EFFECTS
Thousands trapped in the rubble
10 trains were derailed
A 500m wall of flame swept through the city
5,390 died
180,000 buildings were damaged.
Such as Panasonic were forced to close
230,000 homeless
After shocks
Risk of disease-
No sewage system &disposal of dead bodies were delayed

18. HAITI JAPAN,KOBE Caribbean + N. American plates moving same direction.
Shallow focus of 13km below surface.
Epicentre 16km west of capital, Port-au-Prince.
Seismologists warned of huge earthquake as fault been ‘locked’ for 250yrs.
JAPAN,KOBE