1. The Muscular System Learn the basic anatomy of a muscle fiber Become familiar with the terms and structure of muscle tissue

2. The Muscular System LT: Today I will… 1.Describe similarities and differences in the structure and function of the three types of muscles tissue and indicate where they are found on the body 2.Define and explain the role of the following: endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, tendon, and aponeurosis ET: What are the four major roles of muscle tissue in the body?

3. The Function of Muscles Four important roles for the body: 1.Produce movement 2.Maintain posture 3.Stabilize joints 4.Generate Heat

4. Review of Muscle Tissue Types All muscle cells are elongated, thus we call them fibers All muscle cells can contract Myo/Mys (muscle) Sarco (flesh)

5. Muscle Tissue Types

6. Skeletal Muscle Connects muscle to bone Appears striped (striated) Voluntary May contract rapidly, and forcefully but tires easily Structure 1.Endomysium 2.Perimysium 3.epimysium

7. Smooth Muscle No striations Involuntary, slow and constant contractions Lines hollow visceral organs – stomach, bladder, intestines Propels substances along a definite track within the body – food Double layered Sheet of thin cells running circularly and longitudinally

8. Cardiac Muscle Heart only Striated Slow, constant contractions Figure-8 shaped bundles that pump blood

9. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Sarcolemma – the plasma membrane Myofibrils – bundles of myosin (thick) and actin (thin) proteins Sarcoplasmic reticulum – Store and release calcium for muscle contraction

10. Muscular System Lesson 2 Skeletal Muscle Activity

11. Stimulation and Contraction of Muscles LT: Today I will… – Explain the physiology of how a muscle contraction occurs ET: Review anatomy of a skeletal muscle cell (159).

12. Muscle contraction POGIL – Use your role cards and choose a job that you would like to be responsible for in the group – Spokespeople please have the “red, yellow, green” cards on your desk so I can see where you are at – When you get to a check point, check in with Mrs. Sortore and keep going

13. Anatomy 12/14/2015 LT: Today I will… – Explain a muscle contraction using the sliding filament model ET: Take 10 min. and complete your POGIL *if your pogil is done, get out all of your coloring sheets and use your book to read about the sliding filament theory in all it’s detail

14. Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential The neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (Ach) is released by Axon terminal. This makes the membrane of the muscle fiber (sarcolemma) permeable to sodium ions. This rush of positively charged ions creates a concentrations gradient/electrical current called an Action Potential.

15. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Mechanism of Muscle Contraction 1. Ca+ ions cause troponin and tropomyosin (regulatory proteins) on the actin filament to change shape and move out of the way so that myosin can bind to it forming a cross bridge 2. using energy from ATP, the myosin head bends toward the center of the sarcomere pulling actin filament 3. Detachment – ATP binds to the myosin head and weakens the crossbridge bond 4. The energy released by ATP reactivates the myosin for another contraction to occur

16. Muscular System Lesson 3 Providing Energy for Contraction

17. How does muscle keep up with all the ATP that they need? 3 Pathways 1.Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate 2.Aerobic respiration 3.Lactic acid fermentation

18. Direct phosphorylation of ADP by Creatine Phosphate Creatine phosphate gives its phosphate to ADP to make ATP CP stores only last about 20 seconds

19. Aerobic Respiration Requires Oxygen 36 ATP / Glucose Slow compared to CP

20. Lactic Acid Fermentation Does not require oxygen Quicker than CR (2.5 x faster) Uses huge amounts of glucose for not a lot of ATP Good for 30 to 40 seconds of strenuous exercise Build up of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue and soreness

21. 2 Types of Muscle Contraction Isotonic – Normal muscle contraction where the fibers are successful in their sliding motion Isometric – when the fibers attach but cannot slide, like when you try and lift something too heavy. The muscle cannot contract, even though you are engaging it to lift something

22. What is Muscle “TONE”?? Continuous partial contraction that cannot be consciously controlled The nervous system stimulates these fibers in a systematic way all the time so that you can move when you decide to move

23. How Does Exercise Effect Muscles? Aerobic exercise causes muscles to become flexible with a greater resistance to fatigue – Blood supply to the cell increases – Mitochondria increase in number – Increases overall body cell metabolism – Strengthens bone – Strengthens and enlarges the heart – Improves gas exchange in the lungs

24. How Does Exercise Effect Muscles? Resistance training (isometric) causes individual muscle cells to develop more fibers and connective tissue – Increases strength and ability to lift – If you exercise your core you’re a providing stability to your entire body