1. ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 6 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A The Muscular System

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Muscular System  Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement  Three basic muscle types found in the body  Skeletal muscle  Cardiac muscle  Smooth muscle

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle  Location:  Attaches to bones or skin (face muscles)  Cell Shape and Appearance:  Multinucleated (many nuclei per cell)  Striations (stripes)  Single long cylindrical cells  Regulation of Contraction:  Voluntary  Nervous System control  Contraction Speed:  Slow to fast  Rhythmic contraction:  No

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiac Muscle  Location:  Walls of heart  Cell Shape and Appearance:  Branching chains of cells  Striated  Uninucleate (1 nucleus per cell)  Regulation of Contraction:  Involuntary; has pacemaker  Nervous System control  Hormonal control (ex: ANP)  Contraction Speed:  Slow  Rhythmic contraction:  Yes (“lub dub”)

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth Muscle  Location:  Wall of visceral organs (not the heart)  Ex: stomach, intestines, esophagus, rectum  Cell Shape and Appearance:  Single cells  No Striations  Fusiform (wide in middle; tapered at ends)  Uninucleate (1 nucleus per cell)  Regulation of Contraction:  Involuntary  Nervous System control  Hormonal control  Contraction Speed:  Slow  Rhythmic contraction:  Yes (in some)

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Muscles  Muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber)  Contraction of muscles is due to the movement (sliding) of microfilaments  Micro = small  All muscles share some terminology  Prefix my(o)- refers to muscle  ex. myosin  Prefix mys- refers to muscle  ex. epimysium  Prefix sarc(o)- refers to flesh  ex. sarcomere  sarcophagus  phag(o) = eat

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle  Endomysium  around single muscle fiber  Perimysium around a fascicle (bundle) of fibers  Epimysium covers the entire skeletal muscle Figure 6.1

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle Attachments  Epimysium blends into a connective tissue attachment  Tendon – cord-like structure  Aponeuroses – sheet-like structure  Sites of muscle attachment  Bones  Cartilages  Connective tissue coverings

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Function of Muscles  Produce movement  Maintain posture  Stabilize joints  Generate heat

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle  Cells are multinucleate  Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma Figure 6.3a

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle  Sarcolemma  specialized plasma membrane  Sarcoplasmic reticulum  specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum Figure 6.3a

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.3b Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle  Myofibril  Bundles of myofilaments  Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands  I band = light band  A band = dark band

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle  Sarcomere  Contractile unit of a muscle fiber Figure 6.3b

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle  Organization of the sarcomere  Thick filaments = myosin filaments  Composed of the protein myosin  Has ATPase enzymes Figure 6.3c

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle  Organization of the sarcomere  Thin filaments = actin filaments  Composed of the protein actin Figure 6.3c

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle  Myosin filaments have heads (extensions or cross bridges)  Myosin and Actin overlap Figure 6.3d

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle  At rest, there is a bare zone that lacks actin filaments  Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) stores calcium Figure 6.3d

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Properties of Skeletal Muscle Activity  Irritability  ability to receive and respond to a stimulus  Contractility  ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nerve Stimulus to Muscles  Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a nerve to contract  Motor unit  One neuron  Muscle cells stimulated by that neuron Figure 6.4a

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nerve Stimulus to Muscles  Neuromuscular junctions = association site of nerve and muscle Figure 6.5b

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nerve Stimulus to Muscles  Synaptic cleft – gap between nerve and muscle  Nerve and muscle do not make contact  Area between nerve and muscle is filled with interstitial fluid Figure 6.5b

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle  Neurotransmitter = Chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse Skeletal muscle neurotransmitter = Acetylcholine

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle  1. Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors on the Sarcolemma  2. Sarcolemma becomes permeable to sodium (Na + )  3. Sodium rushing into the cell generates an Action Potential  4. Once started, muscle contraction cannot be stopped

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction  Activation by nerve causes myosin heads (cross-bridges) to attach to binding sites on the thin filament  Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the thin filament Figure 6.7

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction  This continued action causes a sliding of the myosin along the actin  The result is that the muscle is shortened (contracted) Figure 6.7