2. Chapter 6 11 Topic: Founding of a Colony Standard: Evaluates the three major reasons for the founding of the colony of Georgia.

3. 2 Leader of Trustees Elected James Oglethorpe (age 25) was elected to Parliament (national legislature of Great Britain)

4. 3 Oglethorpe in England Oglethorpe became a leader in Parliament for prison reform

5. 4 King George II King George II grants land south of the Carolina territory for debtors and the poor to have a new colony The new colony is named Georgia in honor of King George II

6. 5 3 Reason to Found Georgia colony 1. Charity – relieve poverty and unemployment in Britain 2. Economics – in mercantile system, Georgia can bring agricultural products to Britain and be a valuable market for British goods 3. Defense – buffer South Carolina from Indian attacks and Spanish or French forces

7. 6 Fear of Florida Freedom of religion was given to GA colonists (except for the Papists/Catholics who were settling colony of Florida)

8. 7 A Trustee Colony Georgia was England’s only colony to be ruled by trustees (21 men entrusted to act on behalf of the GA colonists) Charter of 1732 – Britain names Oglethorpe and 20 others as trustees “Not for ourselves, but others”

9. 8 GA: The Great Social Experiment Trustees want to avoid problems of English society Strict rules on land and work Carefully select colonists $$ donated to send first colonists to GA 35 families who applied, were accepted (farmers, carpenters, tailors, bakers, merchants, but NO debtors)

10. 9 First Colonists Sail to GA Nov. 1732 – James Oglethorpe and 114 settlers sail from England on the Anne to Charles Town (Carolinians promise support) Next day, sail to Port Royal While GA settlers rest, Oglethorpe and Carolina rangers explore the Savannah River

11. 10 GA colony boundaries (1732) North – Savannah River South – Altamaha River East – Atlantic Ocean West – Pacific Ocean

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13. 12 The First Settlement Oglethorpe chooses an area near the Yamacraw Indians (branch of the Creek Indians) to settle John Musgrove (Carolina trader who lives there) translates for Oglethorpe as he asks the Yamacraw chief for permission to settle Chief Tomochichi agrees that Yamacraw Bluff can be an English settlement (tribe had come to depend on English goods)

14. 13 Georgia Day Oglethorpe returns to Port Royal with good news GA settlers sail back to Yamacraw Bluff with Oglethorpe and arrive February 12, 1732 February 12, 1732 -GA chartered 1732 -GA chartered 1732 -Feb. 12 th we celebrate Georgia Day -Feb. 12 th we celebrate Georgia Day

15. 14 Tomochichi 6’ tall, no formal education Oglethorpe’s friend & advisor GA’s first ambassador – he persuaded Creeks to sign treaty giving land to English As a gift, Oglethorpe takes the chief and some relatives to England King George, impressed with Tomochichi, gives gifts and $$ to visitors

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17. 16 Tomochichi (cont.) Persuades Creeks to be neutral as the English/Spanish conflict becomes more likely When fighting erupts later, his nephew, Tooanahowi, serves with Oglethorpe at the Battle of the Bloody Marsh in 1742 Died 1739 – Oglethorpe arranges full military funeral

18. 17 Savannah Named for nearby river Begins with clearing pines atop Yamacraw Bluff Laid out using special design – open “squares” (4 groups of 10 houses on sides of square) Colonists begin dying from drinking water (1 out of 4 die within 10 months)

19. 18 Savannah (cont.) A town well is dug and problem is solved 40 Jews from Portugal & Spain are among early settlers Immigrants included: Italian silk producers, Lutheran Salzburgers, Swiss, Germans, other nationalities

20. 19 Oglethorpe “He is extremely well beloved by all his people. The general title they give him is Father. If any of them is sick, he immediately visits them, and takes a great deal of care of them…He keeps a strict discipline; I never saw one swear the whole time I was there…If is surprising to see how cheerfully the men go to work…there are no idlers there” [letter in South Carolina Gazette, March 22, 1733]

21. 20 Historic Savannah Historic Savannah Savannah, Georgia’s First City… From River Street to Savannah’s squares

22. 21 Voyage of the Anne General James Edward Oglethorpe and the 120 travelers of the good ship "Anne" landed on a bluff high along the Savannah River in February 1733; Oglethorpe named the thirteenth and final American colony, Georgia, after England's King George II. Savannah became its first city.

23. 22 Sailing on the Anne 1736 Missionary Benjamin Ingham kept a record of his voyage to colonial Georgia on board the Anne, including this frightening encounter with a tumultuous sea: "The wind was very Strong; about half an hour after 10 at night, we encountered such a wave, as we did not meet with in all our passages besides: it shook the whole frame of Ship from Stem to Stern; the water sprung thro' the Sides of the Ship which before were tight, and was also toss'd above the main Yard; falling down it cover'd the decks, broke into the great Cabin, fill'd Mrs. Welshe's Bed; Mr. Oglethorpe was gone to Bed, but he got up and resign'd his own dry Cabin to the Sick, betaking himself once more to his Hammock. Hitherto we had had a very fine passage, but now approaching near Land, we met with contrary winds, which kept us above a Fortnight longer at Sea than otherwise we should have been." "The wind was very Strong; about half an hour after 10 at night, we encountered such a wave, as we did not meet with in all our passages besides: it shook the whole frame of Ship from Stem to Stern; the water sprung thro' the Sides of the Ship which before were tight, and was also toss'd above the main Yard; falling down it cover'd the decks, broke into the great Cabin, fill'd Mrs. Welshe's Bed; Mr. Oglethorpe was gone to Bed, but he got up and resign'd his own dry Cabin to the Sick, betaking himself once more to his Hammock. Hitherto we had had a very fine passage, but now approaching near Land, we met with contrary winds, which kept us above a Fortnight longer at Sea than otherwise we should have been."

24. 23 GA colonist Complain Weather is too hot, humid, heavy rains Trustee Regulations: - restrictions on land ownership - restrictions on land ownership and inheritance and inheritance - ban on slavery - ban on slavery - prohibitions on rum/hard liquors - prohibitions on rum/hard liquors

25. 24 Land Ownership Trustees prevented a rich upper class by limiting land ownership to town lot for a house and 50 acres Trustees wanted land protected…so, land was inherited by first born son (or land reverted to colony)

26. 25 Ban on Slavery Some Trustees (including Oglethorpe) were against slavery Others argued that all other colonies accepted slavery and that GA trustees were not being fair (GA farmers could not grow as big of crops as slave owners in other colonies like Carolina)

27. 26 Prohibit Rum/Hard Liquor While trustees allowed colonists to drink English beer and wine, they could not drink other alcoholic drinks Many colonists ignored the ban

28. 27 Oglethorpe returns to England 1734 takes Tomochichi and Creeks to meet king/queen Asks Parliament for $$ to build forts to protect from French and Spanish First fort built at Darien (by 150 Scottish Highlanders) Second fort to be built on St. Simons Island (Fort Frederica)

29. 28 Fort Frederica St. Simons Simons

30. 29 Forts Oglethorpe & Trustees plan more forts Spanish in Florida are upset that so many forts are being built 1735 Oglethorpe and the Spanish governor of Florida work out a temporary treaty (compromise) How long will treaty last?

31. 30 Indian Relations As conflict with Spain intensifies, it is even more necessary to keep Creeks & other Native Americans as allies However, traders from Carolina were cheating the Native Americans Trustees order Oglethorpe to oversee all English colonists trade with Native Americans However, much trade occurs in the backcountry

32. 31 Trade with Creek Indians Carolina settlers settlerscheattheIndians

33. 32 Spanish vs. English In Europe, Spain & England continue to disagree Rumors that Spanish in Florida will invade GA Oct. 1737 Oglethorpe is given orders to raise an regiment of 600 soldiers

34. 33 Britain declares war on Spain In 1739…in Europe Likely to spill over to America Oglethorpe acts first by invading Florida Oglethorpe/English win first battle: Fort Diego Second battle at Fort Mose (near St. Augustine) the Black Militia (Carolina slaves escaped to freedom in Spanish Florida) and Spanish soldiers defeat Oglethorpe/English Oglethorpe/English retreat to GA

35. 34 In the war, two years later… Fleet of several thousand Spanish appear at Fort Frederica At the edge of a marsh, the much smaller English troops hide behind bushes As Spanish approach on foot, a battle begins Battle of Bloody Marsh is won by English colonist; Oglethorpe becomes a General

36. 35 What does Oglethorpe do now? Oglethorpe sails to England At 48, he marries Elizabeth Wright Remaining as a member of Parliament for a decade, he sees GA declining as the other trustees abandon the principles to make GA the model society After Oglethorpe leaves GA, many colonists return to England

37. 36 GA Colony Declines Crop failures Few exports Discontent colonists Trustees repeal land policies and slavery 1752 Trustees transfer control of GA colony to the British government GA becomes a Royal Colony (and is no longer unique)

38. 37 GA’s Royal Governors (1754) Captain John Reynolds [GA’s new gov’t includes a legislature…appointed Upper House and elected **Lower House (a.k.a. Commons House of Assembly)] (1756) Henry Ellis is second Royal Governor ^ GA’s defense ^ GA’s defense ^ GA’s population ^ GA’s population ^ GA’s economy ^ GA’s economy

39. 38 GA’s Royal Governors Sir James Wright (best of the 3 Royal Governors) serves almost 2 decades **GA’s first chance at self-government even though Assembly laws could be vetoed by Royal Governor or King of England **Only white males owning 50 acres could vote

40. 39 Beginning of GA counties 1758 Anglican Church becomes official church of GA colony GA divided into 8 parishes (later become counties)

41. 40 French & Indian War 1754 Britain vs. France (over world empires) In North America, the French and Indians fight together vs. British and American colonists, so the colonists call the war…the French and Indian War Later Spain joins France against Britain, but it’s too late

42. 41 French and Indian War (cont.) 1762 France and Spain surrender Treaty of Paris ends war and calls for: -France giving up Canada and all land east of Mississippi River (except New Orleans) -Spain giving up Florida -Britain agreeing to give up all claims west of Mississippi River in return for land above **So, GA’s western boundary is now the Mississippi River

43. 42 French & Indian War America’s map changes

44. 43 King George III (after French & Indian War) Has a huge empire in North America Defending American colonies costs lots of $$, so, he declares….

45. 44 Proclamation of 1763 Britain creates 4 new North American colonies (Quebec (Canada), Grenada (Caribbean), East Florida, West Florida GA’s southern boundary extended to St. Mary’s River Reserve all land west of Mississippi River for Indians

46. 45 Georgia Colony, 1763

47. 46 GA Colony Prospers No threat from France or Spain, so GA colony grows Attracts new colonists by giving land in the “Headright System” (Each head of family gets a “right” to 100 acres + 50 per family member, indentured servant and slave)

48. 47 …but what would land look like?

49. 48 Headright System Brings rush of European colonists to GA Brings to GA settlers from other colonies (they move south for better climate and better farmland) Settlers from other colonies have slaves By 1766, GA’s population: 10,000 white settlers 10,000 white settlers 8,000 black settlers (mostly slaves) 8,000 black settlers (mostly slaves)

50. 49 GA Colony …is gaining new life…