1. 1 UNIT 2 - THE DYNAMIC EARTH EARTH AS A SYSTEM Earth is an integrated system consisting of: > ______; ______; _____; AND ________________ THE GEOSPHERE > The _______ part of Earth that consists of rock, soils, and sediments on Earth’s surface. THE ATMOSPHERE > The mixture of ______ that make up the air we breathe. > Nearly all these gases are found in the first ____ km above the Earth’s surface THE HYDROSPHERE > All the water ___________ the Earth’s surface. > The Earth’s oceans cover ________ of the globe. > The rest of the water is found in the __________, on land, and in the soil. THE BIOSPHERE > All parts of the Earth where ______ exists. > The thin layer of Earth’s surface extending from ____ km above the earth’s surface to the ______ of the oceans. THE EARTH’S INTERIOR > _________ waves are used to learn about the Earth’s interior. > These waves change in both speed and direction as they pass from one ______ to another.

2. 2 EARTH’S COMPOSITION > Earth is divided into ______ layers that become progressively denser as you move towards the center. CRUST > Earth’s thin _______ layer. > Made up mostly of ______ elements. > Less than ___% of the Earth’s mass > ______ km thick beneath the oceans, and __________ km thick beneath the continents. MANTLE > The layer _________ the crust. > Makes up _______ of the Earth’s mass > Made of ______ of medium density CORE > The Earth’s _________most layer. > Earth's inner core is solid______, > Outer core is _________ iron mixed with other components > The core is responsible for the Earth’s __________________.

3. 3 THE EARTH’S LITHOSPHERE > A cool, ______ layer that includes the Earth’s crust & uppermost part of the Earth’s mantle. > 15 km to _____ km thick > It is divided into huge pieces called _______________. TECTONIC PLATES > Make up the ________________. > They glide across the underlying Asthenosphere, like ______ drifts across a pond. > All ___________ are located on tectonic plates, and move with them. > Most ______________ on the earth’s surface takes place between the boundaries of tectonic plates. > Tectonic Plates are responsible for ___________ > Tectonic Plates are responsible for _________________ > Tectonic Plates are responsible for ______________ EARTHQUAKES > A _________is a break in the Earth’s crust > When rocks under stress break along a fault, ground __________are set off. > The ____________ scale is used to quantify the amount of energy released by an earthquake.

4. 4 > ___________ is the measure of energy released by an earthquake. > The largest ever recorded was a magnitude of ____. > The ________________ runs the entire length of California; is located where the North American Tectonic Plate & the Pacific Tectonic Plate are slipping past each other. > We _________predict when an earthquake will strike, only where they most probably will strike. > The smallest that can be felt is a magnitude of ___. VOLCANOES > A mountain built from _________, or molten rock. > _______ are located near Tectonic Plate boundaries. > Majority are along the _____________________________________. > Major eruptions can change the earth’s __________ for years; Clouds of ash spread through the atmosphere, reducing sunlight; causing the earth to cool. EROSION > The removal and transport of the earth’s _____________________. > As time passes, erosion _____________. > It is caused by __________, water, ice, and moving rocks.

5. 5 THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE > The atmosphere _______________ the earth’s surface. > Made of _____________, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, & other gases. > The mixture of ____________ surrounding the earth. > This insulation slows the rate at which the earth’s surface loses heat, thus keeping the temperatures at which living things can ________________. COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE _______________ > 78% - Enters the atmosphere when volcanoes erupt and when dead plants and animals __________. ______________ > 21% - Primarily produced by _____________. ______________ > 1% - ________, Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Water Vapor _______________ > Tiny, solid particles; mainly _____, also includes ash, skin, hair, clothing, pollen, bacteria, viruses, and liquid droplets called aerosols.

6. 6 AIR PRESSURE > Air is less dense as you get higher in altitude, & breathing becomes more difficult, due to less oxygen. > Because of gravity, the atmosphere is _______ near the earth’s surface, thus almost the entire mass of earth’s atmosphere is within 30 km of the planets surface. > ________ pulls the Earth’s atmosphere to the surface. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE _______________________ > The layer ____________ the earth’s surface. > Extends to _____ km above the earth’s surface. > Almost all of earth’s _________ occurs in this layer. > It is the earth’s ___________layer. > The temperature decreases as altitude ______________ _______________________ > Lies above the Troposphere, _____________________ > The temperature ____as altitude increases due to the ozone layer absorbing the sun’s ultra violet rays; thus the air becomes warmer. > Ozone is made of ___________ oxygen atoms, (O 3 ) and is found mainly in the Stratosphere.

7. 7 _______________________ > The layer above the stratosphere. > It is the ____________ layer with temperatures at -93 0 C. ________________________ > The atmospheric layer __________ from the earth’s surface. > The nitrogen & oxygen _______ solar radiation which results in temperatures rising above 2000 0 C > _______ are caused by this solar radiation absorption & can radiate energy as lights. > This phenomenon is known as the _____________________ ENERGY FROM THE ATMOSPHERE > Energy from the sun is transferred to the atmosphere by _______ways; _________________ > The transfer of energy across ________ into the atmosphere. > Like ____________ the heat next to a fire or a bed of coals > The flow of heat from a warmer object to a ____________ one with physical contact. ___________________ ____________________ > Heat is carried from one object by a _______ motion in a gas or liquid.

8. 8 HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE > Solar energy reaches earth as _____________________________ > Earth only receives ___________________ of all the sun’s energy. > Only _____% of the solar radiation reaches Earth’s surface. > The rest of the solar radiation is absorbed, or ___________ by clouds, gases, and dust. > One might think that the earth would _______________ get hotter, but………… > the ocean, and land ____________ the absorbed energy back into the atmosphere. > Dark colored objects _________ more solar energy than light colored objects, and have more energy to release. > That is why city temperatures, as a rule, are always __________ than the country side. MOVEMENT OF ENERGY IN THE ATMOSPHERE > _____________________ causes the earth’s weather. > In the troposphere, less dense air (___________) rises into the. > Currents of denser, cooler air _________ to the ground. > It begins to __________, becomes dense, and begins to fall. > Cooler air nearing the earth’s surface is heated again (by Earth), becomes _________, and begins to rise again. > This continuous motion of air in the troposphere is called a _________________________.

9. 9 GREENHOUSE EFFECT > A good example is a ____ parked in a lot during the summer. > Sunlight penetrates the atmosphere and _____ the earth. > The earth’s surface _______ heat back into the atmosphere. > Heat is ___________ by Greenhouse gases, which in turn, warms the air. > ________ is then radiated back to the earth’s surface. > Without the Greenhouse Effect, the earth would be too_______ for life to exist. WHAT ARE GREENHOUSE GASES > Nitrous _________ > _____________ – from nature; The most important greenhouse gas > ______ - from nature and industry; > _______ – from nature and industry THE HYDROSPHERE WATER CYCLE > The continuous movement of water into the _____, land, and back to the water source. EVAPORATION > The process by which liquid water is heated by the sun, and ____ into the atmosphere as water vapor (mostly comes from the oceans).

10. 10 CONDENSATION > As water vapor _____, it forms on dust particles as water droplets. (what clouds are made of). PRECIPITATION > ______ > _____ droplets colliding and sticking together, enlarging, than falling from the sky as………. EARTH’S OCEANS > The term World Ocean is used to describe ____of the oceans together. THE PACIFIC OCEAN > It has a surface current flow that goes ________ (north of the equator) and counter-clockwise (south of the equator). > The _______ point of the ocean is called the “Challenger Deep”, near the Philippine Islands; it is over 11,033m deep. That is deeper than Mt. Everest is tall. > Its average ________ is 4,289m deep. > The Pacific is the worlds ________ocean. THE ATLANTIC OCEAN > It is the worlds ________ largest ocean

11. 11 THE INDIAN OCEAN > It _______ largest ocean in the world THE SOUTHERN OCEAN > It is the _________ largest ocean in the world THE ARCTIC OCEAN > It is the ___________ ocean in the world > It is full of __________ pieces of ice OCEAN WATER Why do you think the oceans are salty? > Dissolved salts from land _______, transported by the rivers to the ocean, over of millions of years. > _______________ volcano eruptions. > Salt is made up of the elements sodium and chloride __________ OCEAN SALINITY > The _____________ of dissolved salt in the water. > The average salinity is _____% by weight. > Salinity is __________ when water evaporates rapidly & leaves salt behind. Q. How is the salinity affected in areas of the ocean where there is a lot of rainfall? A. Salinity is _____________, so there is less salt concentration.

12. 12 LAYERS OF THE OCEAN > Water’s surface is always ________because of the suns energy. > Most of the visible ________ exists here, extending to depths over 200 meters (600 ft.) EPIPELAGIC ZONE (SUNLIGHT ZONE). > The _____ layer of a body of water MESOPELAGIC ZONE (TWILIGHT ZONE). > From ______ - 3,000 feet deep. > From __________________ feet deep > Because there is less light, it is called the _____________________. BATHYPELAGIC ZONE (THE DARK ZONE). > Temperature can be as low as ____ degrees F. > The temperature is about _____ degrees F. > There is not so much_____ in this zone. > The deeper you go down, the colder it gets. This is called the __________________ ABYSSOPELAGIC ZONE (THE ABYSS). > The ______ is 13,200 - 19,800 feet > In this layer the mud is made from the __________ of other small sea animals.

13. 13 OCEANS AS GLOBAL TEMPERATURE REGULATORS > The Earth’s oceans ________ and store the sun’s energy. > This enables the Earth to __________ its temperature. > The world oceans absorb over________ of the solar radiation that reaches the earth’s surface. > It does this at a much ___________ rate then land. > Without the oceans regulation, temperatures would be too _________ for life to exist. > Temperatures for different________ of the planet are regulated also. Example – the _____________ are warmed by waters of the Gulf Stream. OCEAN CURRENTS > Stream like movements of water at or near the ocean’s ________________. > They are ___________ driven from the earths global wind patterns. SURFACE CURRENTS > Can be _________ water or cold water. > They influence _________ of the land they flow by. DEEP CURRENTS > They are __________like movements that flow very slowly along the oceans floor. > They ______ when cold, dense water from the poles, sinks below warmer, less dense ocean water, and flows toward the equator.

14. 14 FRESH WATER > __% of all the water on earth is fresh water. > Most of the fresh water is locked up in ______________________. > A river _____________ is a network of streams that drains and area of land. > Tributaries are smaller streams or rivers that _______ into larger ones. GROUNDWATER > It is rain, snow, melting ice, and any other water that __________ down through the ground. > This is where we ____ most of our fresh drinking water. > It also supplies water for many ________________ and industrial uses. AQUIFERS > An aquifer is a _____________ that stores and allows the flow of ground water. > The surface of the land where water enters an aquifer is called a ___________________. THE BIOSPHERE > The narrow layer around the earth’s surface in which ______ can exist. > The uppermost part of the geosphere, most of the hydrosphere, and the lower part of the ___________. > It extends about 11 km into the ocean, and about__ km into the atmosphere. > The earth is compared to an _______, and the biosphere is compared to the apple’s skin.

15. 15 FACTORS FOR LIFE TO EXIST > ________ (Liquid) > Temperatures between ___ 0 and 40 0 C > A source of ________ (food) > Missing just _____ of these requirements, and you end up with this……A Desert. > Plants need sunlight to _____their food, and almost all organisms on earth gets their food from plants and algae. > The biosphere is located near the earth’s surface because that is where most of the ____________ is available. > We are the ____________ of the sun and stars ENERGY FLOW IN THE BIOSPHERE > We constantly get energy supplied to the biosphere through the ______. > We do not receive new ________. > Matter from food must be obtained only from the ________, and must be constantly supplied for life to continue. > When an organism ____, its body is broken down and the nutrients in it become available for use by other organism.