1. Load-Sensitive Flip-Flop Characterization Seongmoo Heo and Krste Asanović MIT Laboratory for Computer Science http://www.cag.lcs.mit.edu/scale WVLSI 2001 April 19, 2001

2. Motivation Flip-flops are one of the most important components in synchronous VLSI designs. o Critical effect on cycle time o Large fraction of total system power Previously published work has failed to consider the effect of circuit loading on the relative ranking of flip-flop structures. [Kawaguchi et al. ’98] [Ko and Balsara ’00] [Kong et al ’00] [Lang et al ’97] [Nikolic et al ’00] [Nogawa and Ohtomo ’98] [Stojanovic and Oklobdzija ’99] [Stollo et al ’00] [Yuan and Svensson ’91] [Zyuban and Kogge ’99] [H.P. et al ’96] [J.M. et al ’96] o Fixed and usually overly large output load o Large or non-specified input drive o No output buffering

3. Observation 1.Different flip-flop designs have different inherent parasitics and output drive strength. o Different number and complexity of logic gates o Different kinds of feedback

4. Observation 1.Different flip-flop designs have different inherent parasitics and output drive strength. o Different number and complexity of logic gates o Different kinds of feedback D Q D Q D Q

5. Observation 2. Output loads in a circuit vary significantly. Flip-flop output load instances in a microprocessor datapath (A custom-designed 32-bit MIPS CPU in 0.25  m process) 0 20 120 60 40 # of instances 80 100 7.2fF (4 min inv gate cap) 28.8fF (16 min inv gate cap) 115.2fF (64 min inv gate cap) 1.8fF (min inv gate cap)

6. Our Proposal Load effects must be considered in flip-flop characterization to avoid sub-optimal selection. We will present energy and delay measurements for various flip- flops across a range of output loading conditions(EE and absolute load size) and show that the relative rankings of structures vary. We will show that output buffering at high load can lead to the better performance and energy consumption for some structures.

7. Related Work Traditional Buffer Sizing Logical Effort [Sutherland and Sproull] o Logical Effort: drive strength of a circuit structure o Electrical Effort: the ratio of output load to input load o Delay = intrinsic parasitic delay + LE x EE

8. Overview Flip-Flop Designs Test Bench & Simulation Setup Delay and Energy Characterization Delay Analysis Energy-versus-Delay Analysis Summary

9. Flip-Flop Designs Fully static and single-ended [Nikolic et al ’00]

10. Test Bench Sized clock buffer to give equal rise/fall time Used a fixed, realistic input driver Varied output load from 4 min inv cap(7.2fF) to 64 min inv cap(115.2fF). 4 Load and Drive Configurations o EE4-min: min input drive, 4 min inv load (7.2fF) o EE16-min: min input drive, 16 min inv load (28.8fF) o EE64-min: min input drive, 64 min inv load (115.2fF) o EE4-big: 16x min input drive, 64 min inv load (115.2fF) FF 4 min inv cap 16 min inv cap 64 min inv cap

11. Simulation Setup 0.25μm TSMC CMOS process, Vdd=2.5V, T=25°C Hspice Levenberg-Marquardt method was used for transistor size optimization. o Transistor widths optimized for each load and drive conf. to give min delay or min energy for a given delay (transistor lengths were fixed at minimum.) o Parasitic capacitances included in the circuit netlists.

12. Delay and Energy Characterization Minimum D-Q delay [Stojanovic et al. ’99] (.Measure command) Total energy = input energy + internal energy + clock energy – output energy A single test waveform with ungated clock and data toggling every cycle o For a full characterization of energy dissipation, more realistic activity patterns should be considered [Heo, Krashinsky, Asanovic ARVLSI’01]. FF 4 min inv load 16 min inv load 64 min inv load

13. Speed Ranking Without Buffering Delay = const. intrinsic parasitic delay + output drive delay (= load size × driving capability) Driving Capability = f(# of stages, complexity) 0.5 1.0 1.5 3.0 3.5 PPCFF SAFF MSAFF HLFF SSAPL (Transistors sized at each load point, but only for min delay)

14. Influence of Buffering on Performance : unbuffered : one inverter : two inverters (Min. input drive was used.) (Assuming no penalty for inverting output) SSAPL HLFF MSAFF SAFF PPCFF 1.5 1 0.5 0 Delay (ns) 0 20 40 80 Load (min inv cap) 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 20 40 80

15. Speed Ranking With Buffering Allowed Less speed variation compared to original flip-flops PPCFF SAFF MSAFF HLFF SSAPL 0.5 1.0 1.5 3.0 3.5

16. Energy-Delay Curve : EE4-min EE4-min: min. drive + 4 min inv load(7.2fF) Delay(ns) Energy(fJ) Each point sized for min energy for a given delay

17. Energy-Delay Curve : EE4-min Energy(fJ) Delay(ns) PPCFF-unbuf EE4-min: min. drive + 4 min inv load(7.2fF)

18. Energy-Delay Curve : EE16-min EE16-min: min. drive + 16 min inv load(28.8fF) Delay(ns) Energy(fJ) SSAPL-unbuf

19. Energy(fJ) Delay(ns) SSAPL-buf EE16-min: min. drive + 16 min inv load(28.8fF) Energy-Delay Curve : EE16-min SSAPL-unbuf

20. Energy(fJ) Delay(ns) HLFF-unbuf EE16-min: min. drive + 16 min inv load(28.8fF) Energy-Delay Curve : EE16-min

21. Energy(fJ) Delay(ns) HLFF-buf EE16-min: min. drive + 16 min inv load(28.8fF) Energy-Delay Curve : EE16-min HLFF-unbuf

22. Energy(fJ) Delay(ns) PPCFF-unbuf EE16-min: min. drive + 16 min inv load(28.8fF) Energy-Delay Curve : EE16-min

23. EE64-min: min. drive + 64 min inv load(115.2fF) Energy(fJ) Delay(ns) MSAFF-unbuf Energy-Delay Curve : EE64-min

24. Energy(fJ) Delay(ns) HLFF-unbuf HLFF-buf EE64-min: min. drive + 64 min inv load(115.2fF) Energy-Delay Curve : EE64-min

25. EE4-big: 16x min. drive + 64 min inv load(115.2fF) Energy(fJ) Delay(ns) Energy-Delay Curve : EE4-big

26. Energy-Delay Curve : EE4-min vs EE4-big EE4-min MSAFF-unbuf SAFF-unbuf PPCFF-unbuf EE4-big

27. MSAFF-unbuf SAFF-unbuf PPCFF-unbuf MSAFF-unbuf SAFF-unbuf Energy-Delay Curve : EE4-min vs EE4-big EE4-min EE4-big

28. Summary Different flip-flops have different gains and parasitics. Real VLSI designs exhibit a variety of flip-flop output loads. The output load size affects the relative performance and energy consumption of different flip-flop designs. Therefore, output load effects should be accounted for when comparing flip-flops. 1.Electrical effort 2.Absolute output load size 3.Output buffering