1. Uttalslära Introduction to phonetics and English phonology

2. Once there was a young rat named Arthur, who could never make up his mind. Whenever his friends asked him if he would like to go out with them, he would only answer, “I don’t know.” He wouldn’t say “yes” or “no” either. He would always shirk making a choice. His aunt Helen said to him, “Now look here. No one is going to care for you if you carry on like this. You have no more mind than a blade of grass.”

3. Phonetics and phonology Phonetics is the study of the sounds of human speech Phonology is the study of a sound system in human language We are going to study the sounds (phonemes) that occur in the English language, and a few of the rules that govern them.

4. We will get answers to questions such as... what is the most common sound in English? how can we find out how a word is pronounced if we’ve only seen it written? what’s the deal with the “r” sound in phrases like “the idea of it”? what’s the difference between British and American English? what’s the really important pronunciation difference between “ice” and “eyes”? when is the letter “j” pronounced with the sound /j/? what are some subtle differences between Swedish and English that lots of Swedes don’t know about?

5. Course outline Part of the language structure course (together with grammar, vocabulary and translation) Five lectures Seminars Written exam

6. Course outline The course will focus on Basic terminology Transcription and the International Phonetic Alphabet Spelling-sound differences Contrasts between Swedish and English Variants of spoken English (RP and GA)

7. Variants of English Received Pronunciation (RP) “British English” General American (GA) “American English”

8. Course material Introducing English Pronunciation by Rönnerdal & Johansson Study guide and exercises, in the Language Structure compendium Lecture handouts and PowerPoint slides

9. Spelling versus transcription Transcription is a way of writing down the sounds of the spoken language (phonemes) In English, spelling does not correspond exactly to pronunciation...

10. Spelling versus transcription: examples Spelling Transcription pin /pın/ juice /d ʒ u ː s/ International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): used for transcription of all languages gnat /næt/

11. Vowels A vowel is a sound that is produced with the help of the vocal cords, and without any obstruction of the oral cavity. A syllable normally has one vowel sound. English has 20 vowel sounds (but only 5 vowel letters).

12. Vowels: three characteristics Vowels are open or close, front or back, rounded or unrounded.

13. The vowel sounds of English / ɪ / pit /e/ pet /æ/ pat / ʊ / put / ʌ / but /ə/ above / ɒ / pot (only RP) /i ː / see / ɜː / girl / ɑː / father / ɔː / door /u ː / noon /e ɪ / face, pain /a ɪ / iron / ɔɪ / boy /a ʊ / scout /ə ʊ ||o( ʊ )/boat / ɪ ə/ hear (only RP) /eə/ bear (only RP) / ʊ ə/ poor (only RP, uncommon)

14. Monophthongs Also known as pure vowels. Only one sound (mono- = one) Monophthongs can be short or long.

15. Short vowels /e/pet /æ/pat / ʊ /put / ʌ /but / ɒ /pot (only RP) / ɪ /pit /ə/above

16. /e/ as in bed Spellings: e, ea Examples herring/ ˈ her ɪ ŋ/ bread/bred/ said/sed/

17. /æ/ as in bad Spellings: a Examples sad/sæd/ cabin/ ˈ kæb ɪ n/

18. /e/ versus /æ/ said /sed/sad /sæd/ bed /bed/bad /bæd/ head /hed/had /hæd/ etc...

19. / ʊ / as in put Spellings: u, oo, o Examples bull/b ʊ l/ wool/w ʊ l/ wolf/w ʊ lf/

20. / ʌ / as in cut Spellings: u, o Examples but/b ʌ t/ none/n ʌ n/ front/fr ʌ nt/

21. / ɒ / (RP) as in got Spellings: a, o GA has / ɑː / or / ɔː / in most words where RP has / ɒ /. A difference in length (quantity) as well as sound (quality). Examples gone/g ɒ n || g ɔː n/ bomb/b ɒ m || b ɑː m/ quality/ ˈ kw ɒ lıtı || ˈ kw ɑː l ɪ t ɪ /

22. /ı/ as in sit Spellings: e, i, y Can occur in stressed or unstressed syllables Examples begin/bı ˈ gın/ target/ ˈ t ɑː (r)gıt/ city/ ˈ sıtı/

23. /ə/ (schwa) Spellings:usually a, o, u ; sometimes e, i Examples above/ə ˈ b ʌ v/ polite/pə ˈ laıt/ suppose/sə ˈ pə ʊ z/

24. /ə/ (schwa) Schwa, /ə/, is the most common vowel sound in the English language. It is used in unstressed syllables, where the vowel is reduced. Compare: suspect (verb) /səs ˈ pekt/ suspect (noun) / ˈ s ʌ spəkt/

25. /ə/ (schwa) This present is for my brother. It's a book about a boy wizard. To survive the cold weather, you have to make thorough preparations. Note: The letters in red are /ə/ in RP and GA. The letters in blue are /ə/ in RP and /ər/ in GA.

27. /ı/ in unstressed syllables In some words, /ı/ is used instead of /ə/ when a syllable is unstressed, especially when the spelling is e, i, y. /ı/ also occurs in stressed syllables, unlike /ə/. target/ ˈ t ɑː (r)gıt/ biscuit/ ˈ bıskıt/ city/ ˈ sıtı/

28. Long vowels /i ː / see / ɜː / girl / ɑː / father / ɔː / door /u ː / noon

29. /i ː / as in see Spellings: ee, ea, e, i, ie Examples free/fri ː / bead/bi ː d/ police/pə ˈ li ː s/

30. / ɜː / as in earth Spellings: e, ea, i, u Examples heard/h ɜː (r)d/ girl/g ɜː (r)l/ lurk/l ɜː (r)k/

31. / ɑː / as in dark Spellings: a Examples target/ ˈ t ɑː (r)gıt/ star/st ɑː (r)/

32. / ɔː / as in door Spellings: a, au, aw, o, oa, oo, ou Examples stalk/st ɔː k || st ɑː k/ yawn/j ɔː n || j ɑː n/ sword/s ɔː (r)d/

33. /u ː / as in cool Spellings: ew, oo, ou, u, ue Examples blue/blu ː / blew/blu ː / soup/su ː p/ pool/pu ː l/

34. Mute vowels Mute vowels occur in the spelling but not in the pronunciation or transcription of some words. In English, the most common mute vowel is the final “e”. hate/heıt/ hurricane/ ˈ h ʌ rıkeın/

35. Unstressed syllables with “long” vowels athlete/ ˈ æθli ː t/ appetite/ ˈ æpətaıt/ hurricane/ ˈ h ʌ rıkeın/ A mute e in the spelling often signals that the preceding unstressed vowel is not reduced to schwa or /ı/.

36. Thank you for listening!