1. The Century of Genius New Directions in Thought and Culture in The 16 th and 17 th Centuries

2. Sample FRQs from Previous AP Exams Assess the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion and philosophy in the period 1550 to 1750. (2004) (Judge the value or character of something; decide how true or false a statement is.) Explain the development of the scientific method in the seventeenth century and the impact of scientific thinking on traditional sources of authority. (2000) (Make clear or plain the causes or reasons for; make known in detail) Describe the new astronomy of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and analyze the ways in which it changed scientific thought and methods. (1991) (Give an account; tell about; give a word picture of.)

3. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) "Man is but a reed, the most feeble thing in nature, but he is a thinking reed. The entire universe need not arm itself to crush him. A vapor, a drop of water suffices to kill him. But, if the universe were to crush him, man would still be more noble than that which killed him, because he knows that he dies and the advantage which the universe has over him, the universe knows nothing of this. All our dignity then, consists in thought. By it we must elevate ourselves, and not by space and time which we cannot fill. Let us endeavor then, to think well; this is the principle of morality."

4. Respond to the following. How would you define the term scientific revolution? –Do not use the words science or revolution in your definitions. Which is more enduring, a political revolution or an intellectual one?

5. The Age of Genius –Time period –Origins (what events laid the foundation for the S.R. and why?) –What took place during the time period and significance. –Individuals who participated in the event and their contributions. –S.R.’s impact on future events (immediate and long- term)

6. Scientific Revolution to New Imperialism Scientific Revolution (16 th -17 th Centuries)  Agricultural Revolution (18 th Century)  Population Growth (Mid 18 th Century)-Urbanization  Development of Industry (18 th -19 th Centuries)  New Imperialism based on Supremacy (20 th Century)

7. KEY POINTS Change in the scientific view of the universe. Geocentric theory to the heliocentric theory Rethinking of humankind’s place in a larger scheme of things, which led to profound rethinking of moral and religious matters. Faith and reason, science needed new methods of reconciliation. New ideas of natural philosophy challenged Scholasticism and Aristotelian philosophy

8. Respond to the following: Which do you think made the most significant contribution? Why? –Copernicus –Brahe –Kepler –Galileo –Newton

9. Before the 16th Century Aristotle 384 - 322 B.C. Dominated European Science until the 16th century. Envisioned a hierarchical order of the universe.

10. Claudius Ptolemy 87 - 150 A.D. Greek Astronomer Algamest (the greatest) –Summarized the conclusions of Greek astronomers and presented his own theories and observations. Accepted Aristotle’s theories the earth was encased by a series of clear spheres revolving around it.

11. Ptolemy’s Universe Ptolemy placed the earth at the center of the universe with the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn circling our planet.

12. Christian Theology Aristotle’s theory the earth standing at the center, was heavy, corrupted not only by its weight but by original sin and earthly misdeeds. –Rest, not motion, is the natural state of all entities. Angels were placed off in a weightless existence in Heaven. The goal of human beings was to achieve the lightness in Heaven, God’s domain, on the exterior edge of the universe.

13. Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 - 1543 Studied medicine and law in Poland and Italy. All observations of the heavens done with the naked eye. Determined the planets, the moon, and the stars did not move around the earth at the same speed or in the same spherical orbits as suggested by Ptolemy.

14. Copernicus Concluded the sun, not the earth, lies at the center of universe, and that the earth turns on its axis once every 365 days. “In the middle of all sits the Sun enthroned. How could we place this luminary in any better position in this most beautiful temple from which to illuminate the whole at once?”

15. Critics of the Heliocentric Theory The notion that the earth was but one planet rotating in circular orbit around the sun raised shocking questions about the earth’s status. This perplexed and angered Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish theologians by seeming to reduce the standing of mankind. Martin Luther said of Copernicus, “This fool wants to turn the whole of astronomy upside down!”

16. Tycho Brahe 1546 - 1601 Danish Astronomer Trivia--Lost part of his nose in a duel and replaced it with a construction of silver and gold alloy perched above his handle-bar mustache. Built an astronomical observatory on a Danish Island.

17. Tycho Brahe Rejected Copernicus’s contention that the earth rotated around the sun. Came up with an explanation that had five known planets rotating around the sun, which in turn moved around the stationary earth. Compiled data based on observations, charted what he could see of planetary orbits, and using mathematics to locate the position of the planets and stars.

18. Johannes Kepler 1571 - 1630 Assistant to Brahe Trivia--Saved his mother’s life by defending her against heresy because of her interest in astrology. She was to be burned at the stake.

19. Johannes Kepler Astronomer, mathematician, religious mystic, and astrologer. Promised Brahe to continue his work after Brahe’s death. Discovered the orbits of the planets were “imperfect”--not circular but elliptical. Also concluded that the planets were affected by some sort of force emanating from the sun (magnetic based on Gilbert’s theory) Postulated three laws of planetary motion

20. Hobbes and Locke Leviathan (1651) Two Treatises on Government (1690)

22. Galileo Galilei Science on Trial 1564 - 1642 Studied medicine and mathematics Modified the “spy glass” from Holland and constructed his own telescope.

23. Galileo “Not for the Common Folk” “The mobility of the earth is a proposition far beyond the comprehension of the common people.” “all too-numerous vulgar.” “Ought to be kept in darkness, lest they become confused, obstinate, and contumacious” (willfully disobedient)

24. The Church and the Trial Galileo researched and taught at the University of Padua, which was under the protection of Venice who was hostile toward the pope. 1616--Pope Urban VIII (Galileo’s friend), condemned Galileo’s proposition that the sun is the center of the universe and warned him not to teach it.

25. The Trial Dialogue Concerning Two World Systems--Ptolemaic and Copernican Presented two systems Ptolemy’s system was portrayed by the character, Simplicio This outraged the church that a character represented the pope.

26. The Trial The book led to Galileo’s condemnation by the inquisition in 1633. Placed under house arrest in the hills above Florence. He continued to observe, experiment, and write. Galileo continued to work despite blindness.

27. Pascal

28. FRQ Analyze at least two factors that account for the rise and two factors that explain the decline of witchcraft persecution and trials in Europe during the period from 1580 - 1750. (2002)

29. The Experiments Undermined Aristotle’s theory of motion Demonstrated the earth was in perpetual rotation and that balls of varying weights will pick speed at the same rate as they fall, that their speed is not determined by their mass. From these experiments he developed the theory of inertia Inertia: a body moving at a constant speed in a straight line will continue to move until encountering another force. Concluded that motion, not rest, was a natural state.

30. Answer the following in your notebooks. What did Francis Bacon contribute to the foundation of scientific thought? What did Rene Descartes contribute to natural philosophy?

31. Galileo Discovered Jupiter’s moons Saturn’s rings Stars of the Milky Way Mountains on the moon Spots on the surface of the sun led to the conclusion that sun rotated.

32. Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626) “Silence is the virtue of fools.” “If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in doubts; but if he will be content to begin with doubts he shall end in certainties.” “A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds.”

33. Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) “Cogito ergo sum.” (I think; therefore I am.) “Except our own thoughts, there is nothing absolutely in our power.” “In order to improve the mind, we ought less to learn, than to contemplate.”

34. Witch Hunts (16th - 17th Centuries) Using your response to question 6 and your double-entry journal complete the following task. Compare the information on witch hunts from your textbook with information from Monter’s article. What are the similarities and differences?