1. Roman Vocabulary Group A Tristan Baird Clayton Powell Rachel Russo Zenzi Sehumaker Republic, Patrician, Plebian, 12 Tables, Forum, Julius Caesar, Battle of Actium, Bread & Circus, Cicero

2. Republic  What: A form of government that the Romans believed was superior because it had the best forms of an aristocracy, a monarchy, and a democracy. A republic though, is a government in which only certain citizens are granted the right to vote.  Where: The republic first began in Ancient Rome, but it is prevalent in our US government today.  When: The Roman Republic began in after the year 509 BCE and collapsed around the year 60 BCE when the first triumvirate took power.  Why: The Roman Republic was developed, because after the hash tyrant of Tranquin the Proud was driven from power, the Romans vowed never to be ruled by a monarch again.  Impact/Legacy: The Roman’s idea for a republic has mad a huge impact in modern day society, especially the country which we live in. The US government can be described as a republic- very similar and almost identical to Rome’s. Source: Littell, McDouglas. Ancient World History- Patterns of InteractionEvanston,2003. Print http://upload.wikimedia.org/wik ipedia/commons/a/a3/Maccari- Cicero.jpg

3. Patricians  Who: Patricians were wealthy aristocrats who held almost all the power in Ancient Rome.  What: The Patricians mostly all made up the senate, thus having tremendous influence over Ancient Rome.  Where: The Patricians were the head of the social class in Rome.  When: The Patricians were relevant in Rome from around 509 BCE to the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE.  Why: The Patricians believed that they inherited their social status from their ancestors, so they thought that they were best suit to elect officials and make laws in Ancient Rome.  Example: The Patricians impacted the Ancient Roman Republic by holding most of the power in Ancient Romans as well as urging the Plebeians to develop elected tribunes.  Source : Littell, McDouglas. Ancient World History- Patterns of InteractionEvanston,2003. Print http://historylink101.com/2/rome- pic/roman-senator.gif

4. Plebeians  Who: they were common farmers, artisans, and merchants.  What: they made up most of the population, average working citizens who could vote.  Where: Ancient Rome  When: Around 510 BCE to 453 CE  Why: They were the common poor citizens of Rome.  Impact/Legacy: Had less money, but their members had citizenship, but limited political power. They welcomed tyrants.  Source: Littell, McDouglas. Ancient World History- Patterns of InteractionEvanston,2003. Print http://www.historiasi glo20.org/rome/image nes/pictures4/plebeia ns.jpg

5. 12 Tables  Who: Patrician officials  What: Rome’s laws carved on 12 tablets.  When: 451 BCE  Where: Rome, hung in the forum  Why: Plebeians force the laws to protect citizens  Impact/Legacy: established the idea that all free citizens, patricians and plebeians had a right to the protection of the law.  Source: Littell, McDouglas. Ancient World History- Patterns of InteractionEvanston,2003. Print http://www.crystalin ks.com/Twelve- Tables.jpg

6. Julius Caesar  Who: Roman general who named himself dictator  What: he helped reform Roman society & government into the Roman empire  When: 60 B.C-44BC  Where: Rome Italy  Why: Julius Caesar helped reform Rome because he wanted to help the poor people of Rome and to expand Rome.  Example: He granted citizenship to many people in the provinces of Rome. Caesar helped the poor by creating jobs.  Source: Littell, McDouglas. Ancient World History- Patterns of InteractionEvanston,2003. Print http://www.bbc.co.uk/st aticarchive/837022b3d9b a8c0664db08d3ab4f16e15 a73a683.jpg

7. Forum  What: A public area in a Roman town reserved for vending goods and some had platforms where people like generals made speeches, find out news, and even went to school.  When: Forums were happening in Rome from 500 BCE to 250 CE.  Where: Roman cities  Why: It was a market place that helped citizens get the goods and information they need.  Impact: Changed Roman public life by making forums the epic center of Roman public life.  Source: Car, Karen. “Roman Forum.” Historyforkids.org. Kidipedie. 2014. Print. 12/10/14. http://www.history.com/i mages/media/slideshow/r oman-architecture-and- engineering/roman- forum.jpg

8. Battle of Actium  Who: Roman leader, Octavian against Cleopatra of Egypt and Mark Antony  Why: Octavian accused Mark Anthony of attempting to lead Rome from Egypt; also Antony gets married to Cleopatra violating the Roman law code forbidding marriage to a foreigner. After years of tension between Octavian and Antony, Octavian declares war on Cleopatra.  Where: The battle of Actium took place in the city of Actium in Greece.  When: September 2 nd, 31 BC  Impact: After the defeat of Mark Antony, Octavian accepted the title imperator, which is where the term “emperor” is derived from. Octavian is now named Augustus Caesar, he becomes Rome’s first ever emperor and leads Rome into a golden age known as “Pax Romana”  Source: “Battle of Actium” http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the- battle-of-actiumhttp://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the- battle-of-actium http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/9/95/Cas tro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg

9. Bread & Circus  Who: Emperor Augustus established a system of bread and circuses  What: Free rations of grain and controlled food prices where set so that even the poorest plebeians were kept reasonably fed, also free games (circuses) were provided so that they could get some form of entertainment.  When: During times of “Pax Romana” when Rome was stable and peaceful  Why: Bread and Circuses were established so that the plebeians would not riot.  Impact: Bread and circuses greatly impacted the daily lives of poor plebeians, they were provided with food and entertainment so that they would not starve or become restlessly bored.  Source: “Plebeians” http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/plebians.html http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/plebians.html http://whpaxromana.weebly.com/upl oads/2/1/0/7/2107265/6758731_orig. png

10. Cicero  Who: Greatest Roman orator  What: He wrote the Consolatio and the Hortensius.  When: Cicero was born on January 3 rd, 106 BC and was assassinated on December 7 th, 43 BC.  Why: Cicero wrote his two books because his role in politics didn’t work out how he wanted, he wrote the books as an attempt to study philosophy.  Impact: Cicero impacted Rome in a cultural way, his translations from his philosophies greatly contributed to the development of Latin.  Source: Lloyd, James “Cicero” http://www.ancient.eu/Cicero/ January 15 th, 2013http://www.ancient.eu/Cicero/ http://www.philoso phybasics.com/phot os/cicero.jpg