1.  Confucianisms in East Asia and Korea John Goulde Sweet Briar College August 2013

2. Confucianisms Teachings of Confucius 4 th Century BCE  Ideology of Family Loyalty, Filial Piety, The Common Good  Rule of Law/Loyalty to Kings and Queens  Benevolent/Paternalist Government  Worship and imitation of the Sage Kings-Benevolent and Paternalistic Government  Replication of the Chou Dynasty Rituals and Customs  Deference and respect for superiors, worship of Heaven, The Mandate of Heaven  Hierarchical and male-centered ordering of society

3. Confucianisms Classical Confucianism 2 nd Century CE  Reverence for Confucian Scriptures, Confucian Learning, and their use in recruitment of Persons of Merit for Government of state  Worship of Ancestors, Confucius, Confucian Worthies  Extension of the Mandate to Other Cultures and States  Ritualization of Family and Civil Relations: Deference, Courtesy, Humility

4. Confucianisms Neo-Confucianism 10-17 th Centuries CE  Confucian Exclusivism- The Orthodox Way  Adoption of Daoist Cosmology (Yin-yang, Five Phases)  Correlation between the Nature of Things and the Nature of Humans  Pursuit of Sagehood  Adoption of Buddhist Psychology of the Mind: Cultivation of the Body, Rectification of the Mind through Study and Meditation  Macrobiotics  Silent Sitting  Introspective Mind-Control  Pure Poverty –Hermit- mindedness

5. Confucianisms Practical Learning 17 th -19 th Centuries CE  Criticism of Speculative Neo- Confucianism  Utilitarianism rather than Idealism  Investigation of Things in themselves  Historicist reinterpretation of the classical texts  Logical Positivism and distrust of metaphysics  Cultural Relativism recognized – Influence of Western Culture and Science

6. Classical Confucianism in Korea and Japan Korea  Classical Confucianism in Three Kingdoms, Silla, and Koryo Kingdoms 1 st -14 th Centuries CE  State Organization, rule of law, monarchy replaces clan rule  Chinese literature, history, rituals adopted by ruling elites.  Civil Service Examination System  Foreign Relations under the Mandate of Heaven  Ideology of Government and Family Relations  Blending of the Three Traditions

7. Classical Confucianism in Korea and Japan Japan  Han Learning including Buddhism, Daoism, and Shinto in Nara, Heian Periods 2 nd -16 th Centuries CE  Tradition of Basic Worldly Ethics  State Organization, rule of law, monarchy replaces clan rule .  Chinese literature, history, rituals adopted by ruling elites  Mandate of Heaven moved to Japan  Ideology of Government and Family Relations

8. Neo-Confucianism in Korea and Japan Japan  Neo-Confucian and Practical Learning in Edo Period 17 th -19 th Centuries  National Studies and Classical Japanese Studies develop in response to Practical Learning  Neo-Confucian Studies restricted to Samurai Class – later influence the lower and middle classes  Daoism, Shinto, Buddhism dominate the religious landscape, Confucian dominates the ruling class

9. Neo-Confucianism in the Chosôn Kingdom  Late Koryô period Confucian Erimeticism  Mongol studies and the favoring of Koreans in Beijing {Datu}  Importation of Neo-Confucian Writings through Study Abroad and Tribute Missions  Disestablishment of Old Landed Elite by younger generation trained in Neo-Confucianism  Phase One: Disestablishment of State sponsored Buddhist and Daoist institutions

10. Neo-Confucianism in the Chosôn Kingdom  Development of the notion of Korea as the nation that preserves the Orthodox Way  Enfoeffment of Yi Songgye’s Merit Subjects trained at the Revived Sunggyungwan (National Academy)  Phase 2:Reforms of Kory ô Law incorporating Ming Code into Chosôn Law  Phase 3: Restrictive Legislation for Daoists and Buddhist  Appropriation of Buddhist lands and buildings for the building of local, regional schools or for salaries of bureaucrats

11. Continued  Development of Scholar lineages and the regional and local academy ( s ôwon)  Development of different interpretations of Zhu Xi’s metaphysics ( I & Ki Debates)  Community Compacts to reinforce Neo-Confucian understanding of ritual, doctrine, education, etc.  New Ethics for Women in Androcentric Society  Factionalism and Purges in the Court