2. 1 Look Around You! How did the world you see come to be the way it is?

3. 2 Why are you watching this PowerPoint instead of waiting outside a gopher’s hole, with a spiked club in your hands?

4. 3 The reason we are…. Lies far in the past when early humans began creating tools to help them make useful and beautiful objects

5. 4 People began farming instead of spending days searching for food

6. 5 They left their caves for the comfort of houses built from reeds, peat, leather, wood and stone

7. 6 They built walls around their settlements and began to live peacefully in settled communities

8. STEPS TO CIVILIZATION Cities Can you remember these steps?

9. 8 STEPS TO CIVILIZATION NAME DATE

10. 9

11. 10

12. 11 These early changes were the first steps towards civilization and the first steps towards the life we know

13. 12 In this unit, you will examine: important changes in lives of early humans changes that affected lives of all people who followed them, including you!

14. Evolution Revolution Dmanisi archaeological site in country of Georgia. Learning 360 Understand how study of human evolution developed through Leakey's work in Africa and at sites' primitive fossil skeletons provide evidence that man evolved from apes archaeologists discuss what early humans once looked like. 13

15. 14 Early Beginnings Archaeologists found evidence showing at least 6 different species of humans having walked the earth These include first modern humans, the early Homo sapiens sapiens Evidence of Early Humans mapped on pg.44 Ancient Worlds text

16. 15 Try This Mapping Activity Pg.44 AW - find title, legend, scale of map What information does each of these items give you? Describe where remains of of ancient humans were located in relation to major rivers. What pattern do you notice?

17. 16 Think for Yourself p.45 Imagine yourself shipwrecked on a deserted island. Your mission is to survive on your wits alone. Your first task is to find food and water. You gather shellfish from the beach and find a stream. What now? Group Activity

18. 17 Development of Humans Earth like deserted island for early humans Offered materials of nature, nothing else People survived finding ways to use materials to meet needs for food, shelter clothing

19. 18 Tools Were Important Made axes, knives, scrapers and spearheads using hard stone to chip pieces from another stone Various groups of humans created different tools depending on environment

20. 19 Tools Teach Us: How ancient peoples hunted What they hunted (large or small prey) What each group’s life was like

21. 20 Tools Teach Us: How they cooked their food If they stored their food

22. 21 Lives changed drastically as they learned to make new tools

23. 22 Eras Scientists divided time early humans lived into three eras (periods of time) Eras were based on the materials in tools »Stone Age »Bronze Age »Iron Age

24. 23 Scientific Evidence for 6 Groups of Early Humans According to Theory of Evolution each species of humans developed into the next group Some groups lived on Earth at the same time Scientists do not all agree on names / dates for each group Support differences by analyzing fossil remains Notice how each species used technology to help them survive in their environment

25. 24 Early Humans Australopithecus Homo habilis (handyman) Homo erectus (upright man) Homo sapiens (Neanderthal) Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon) Homo sapiens sapiens (modern human) STOP. REFLECT. TEAM SCAVENGER HUNT FOR INTERESTING “DID YOU KNOW…..? FACTS”

26. I AM AN EXPERT ABOUT… Australopithecus –Team: Homo habilis (handyman) –Team: Homo erectus (upright man) –Team: Homo sapiens (Neanderthal) –Team: Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon) –Team: Homo sapiens sapiens (modern human) –Team: 25

27. 26 Try This Timeline Activity Using criteria on Steps to Civilization Handout AW pages 47-49, construct a timeline in chart format Your chart may be produced with a computer or by hand on 11 X 17 paper Your goal is to show changes that took place from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens sapiens. List the changes on your time line Use the Mr. Donn site for information too!Mr. Donn site Together, let’s review criteria for an excellent timeline

28. 27 Go Deeper with Technology Interactive Human Timeline http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human- evolution-timeline-interactive

29. 28 Early Hunters In ancient times, people could not be certain of getting dinner if they stayed in one place People ate wild plants when they were in season Wild animals were eaten when killed with tools of wood and stone. Early hunters followed migrating herds of animals, or travelled to places where they had found food in past years. Hunting was a way of life for early humans. Evidence found at may sites suggests that early humans (starting with Homo erectus) were skillful hunters

30. 29 Pause & Discuss What are the advantages and disadvantages of the hunter-gatherer lifestyles?

31. 30 North American Aboriginal people stampeded herds of bison off cliffs such as the one at Head-Smashed-in-Buffalo- Jump, Alberta.

32. 31 Why do you think this hunting method encouraged people to live in communities?

33. 32 Cro-Magnon Hunters Followed great herds of animals that once travelled across Europe Some lived in caves Others made tents out of skins of animals they caught Could pack up tents easily and bring them as they followed herds of animals Tools were much more efficient than those of earlier people

34. 33 Cro-Magnon Hunters Invented blade tools and made tools from bone to help make clothing and shelters used wood, bone, and plant fibres to make tools Most of these materials rotted, leaving little or no evidence Only stone tools survived

35. 34 Cro-Magnon Hunters Invention of barbed harpoon important to growth of population Hunting became more efficient as hunting tools improved

36. 35 Put Yourself into the Time and Place of a Historical Event Imagine you are one of a band of early humans who travel together in search of food Work in a group to develop a short skit about your discovery of fire. See criteria on assignment card on next slide

37. 36 Assignment Card You eat roots, fruit, and berries whenver you find them. You eat raw meat because you do not kow about fire. You break animal bones open so you can eat the marrow. Then one day you see fire for the first time. How does the fire start? How does it change your life? What can you do now that you could not do before?

38. 37 Farming: A Giant Step most of time humans fed themselves gathering wild plants / hunting wild animals by 5000 years ago, people had begun farming in almost every part of world

39. 38 Farming marks time when people began to grow plants and raise animals for food Humans began training animals to be of use to them

40. 39 Switch to farming marks a gigantic change in how people related to the earth and their environment Instead of simply finding and taking what nature provided, people started to help nature along As farmers, humans started to take control of the production of food

41. 40 A Shift Shift from food gathering to food producing meant people could now be sure of getting enough to eat Dependable source of food allowed people to settle in one place As food became abundant, communities began to flourish Farming was a giant step towards the development of civilization

42. 41 How Farming Got Started We can only speculate. We weren’t there. Some Theories: Spilled-Grain Hypothesis Watching-the-Animals Hypothesis Moov’en-and-Groov’en Hypothesis

43. 42 Spilled-Grain Hypothesis Neolithic women, noticed new grain plants grew when they accidentally spilled grain seeds. They tried scattering seeds on purpose – it worked!

44. 43 Watching-the-Animals Hypothesis Animals often find plants in places with water / good soil - Hunters saw pattern People stayed at sites, animals became tamer People started weeding / irrigating so plants would grow better Started saving seeds of better plants to plant

45. 44 Moov’en-and-Groov’en Hypothesis One season, nomads liked a site so much they stuck around Stayed so long they harvested a crop and then saw it grow to harvest stage again Groups learned to grow a crop from seed to harvest and then move on

46. 45 Remember A hypothesis is a theory or opinion that has not been proven – a kind of educated guess about what the evidence means

47. 46 On your own, explain why you agree with one of the hypotheses described or propose one of your own. Write down two facts or reasons to justify your hypothesis Spilled-Grain Hypothesis Watching-the-Animals Hypothesis Moov’en-and-Groov’en Hypothesis Activity:

48. 47 PAIR/SHARE ACTIVITY “Why Farming Began” Using Ancient Worlds pages 56-57, meet with a partner to discuss how the historian argued a hypothesis in the article “Why Farming Began”. Use the questions in the article to guide your discussion. Take turns reading the questions, and responding.

49. 48 Think for Yourself State your own hypothesis about how farming started. How is your hypothesis similar to and different from the one given in the article? Do you think the historian did a good job of supporting a hypothesis? Explain.

50. 49 Cities: Another Giant Step Looking at how cities developed is like seeing civilization develop development of farming brought people together in communities people stopped farming when farmlands produced more food than was needed some some people developed others skill; moved closer together forming villages sometimes these villages grew into towns, and then cities

51. 50 Ancient Cities of the World In ancient times, cities homes of royalty and officials who held power Officials controlled surrounding land; decided who could farm Some cities grew around temple or place of worship Communities flourished because people could make a living (e.g, shopkeepers, craftspeople, artists, teachers, priests, and officials)

52. 51 Scientists Love to Discover Ruins of Ancient Cities

53. 52 Scientists want to know more about how ancient people lived and met individual/common needs

54. 53 Seeing Patterns Note the development (changes) of different early civilizations Nomadic groups travelling  People formed settled, organized communities  Communities grew into cities  Met other groups through trade or warfare  Cities developed unique characteristics; solve problems in different ways

55. 54 Charting Change Using picture series on pages 62-63, Ancient Worlds: Make a 2-column chart. List stages (or changes) you see in column one. In column two, speculate on how each change must have affected people’s lives

56. 55 Pair/Share Your Chart With a partner, discuss how the events described in the chart did or did not contribute to a more civilized life for people

57. 56 In Conclusion You have examined the big steps that led towards civilization. You have seen that tools played a crucial role at every step.

58. 57 Archaeologists found evidence showing at least 6 different species of humans have walked the earth

59. 58 Tools were important and teach us about daily life or early humans

60. 59 Scientists divided time early humans lived into three eras (periods of time) based on tools - Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age

61. 60 Hunting was a way of life for early humans.

62. 61 Farming marks time when people began to grow plants and raise animals for food

63. 62 Looking at how cities developed is like seeing civilization develop ; see a pattern to the changes

64. 63 In Your Opinion Which was the most important step in getting civilization started: »Invention of fire »Tools for hunting »The beginning of farming »Technology for travel or »The beginning of cities Remember to support your opinion

65. 64 THE END