1. Introduction to Quartz Watches

2. Presentation Introduction to Quartz Watches The History Ohm’s Law The Principle Components and their Function Analyzing – Trouble-Shooting Modern Quartz Watches Use of Testing Equipment Servicing Modern Quartz Watches

3. Components of a Quartz Watch Energy accumulator Counting, transmission Distribution Regulation Display Accumulator, Battery, Capacitor Gear train, Frequency divider circuit Electro-mechanical Transformer, Stepping motor Quartz Dial and hands, Aperture discs, Diodes, Liquid crystals

4. Analog and Digital Quartz Watches Principle design of quartz watches

5. Identification of Components 1.Battery 2.Insulator 3.Positive contact 4.Negative contact 5.Printed circuit 6.Integrated circuit 7.Quartz 8.Trimmer 9.Coil 10.Coil protector 11.Stator 12.Rotor 13-15. Train wheel 16. Train wheel bridge 17. Setting stem

6. Historical Background “Pierre Curie, M. Lavet, the transistor and the landing on the moon” Electric clocks Piezo-electric effect First quartz clocks The Lavet motor The transistor Introduction of electric and electronic watches Development of the Integrated Circuit Landing on the moon First portable quartz watches

7. Oscillation - Vibration Frequency - Isochronism

8. Frequencies The higher the frequency of the oscillator the more accurate the timekeeper

9. Ohm’s Law

10. The Battery 1.The case – positive pole 2.The cathode – positive electrode 3.The pressure ring 4.The separator 5.The gasket 6.The absorbent material – electrolyte 7.The anode – negative electrode 8.The cover – negative pole

11. Introduction to Electro- chemical Processes Volta’s battery Electro-chemical systems used in watch making

12. 1,56 V Electro-chemical Tension Table

13. Types of Batteries, Storage and Handling Four types commonly used in watches: –Silver oxide (low drain) 1,55 V –Silver oxide (high drain) 1,55 V –Lithium 2 V (Li/CuS) –Lithium 3 V (Li/MnO2) Storage: –Store at 20 centigrade and max. 50% humidity –Batteries have a limited shelf life (due to self discharge, which is the result of a change in the internal resistance over time) – avoid storing batteries longer then 12 months –Manufacturer’s use often a production code – do not use batteries produced more than 6 to 12 ago –Batteries may leak: check gasket seat before installing into watch Handling: –Handle batteries with insulated tweezers to avoid short circuits. Do not touch with fingers.

14. Sample Battery Chart

15. Theoretical Life-time and Testing of Batteries Test batteries with a voltmeter (very high internal resistance) preferably installed on the movement When applying test resistor follow equipment manufacturer’s recommendations Note: There is no efficient way to determine a battery’s remaining capacity. Changing a battery is less costly than a come-back.

16. The Quartz The quartz (rock crystal) can be found in alpine regions and has the chemical formula SiO2 (silicon dioxide) They are “grown” synthetically in autoclaves and cut to the proper specifications They have three axes, which are set perpendicular to each other: The piezo-electric effect was discovered in 1880 by the brothers Curie if a quartz crystal is mechanically deformed an electrical charge results at given points if an electrical charge is applied at certain points the quartz crystal is deformed mechanically.

17. The Quartz as an Oscillator Like any other oscillator (pendulum, balance wheel) quartz oscillators need to be activated Quartz has electrical properties which resemble a traditional electrical oscillator consistent of a capacitor and a coil Once the quartz is oscillating it maintains a very precise and stable oscillation The quartz has a “natural” frequency and if the external oscillator’s frequency is the same the quartz vibrates “in resonance”

18. The Orientation of the Quartz Cuts At which angle the quartz resonator is cut from the raw material determines two critical factors: The frequency of the quartz resonator and their oscillation pattern X cuts CD/DT cuts AT cuts

19. The temperature/frequency curve

20. Quartzes used in Watchmaking Mainly two “cuts” are being used for application in watchmaking: Flexion mode –in the shape of bars or tuning forks Shearing mode –In the shape of lenses

21. The Tuning Fork Quartz Today the most commonly used quartz resonator in watchmaking Very stable frequency due to pre-aging quartzes during manufacturing process Temperature does not vary too much in wrist watches Good shock resistance (mounting crystal at the base of the tuning fork) Good mastery of production process

22. Determination of the Frequency and the Dividing Chain The frequencies are determined by using an exponential factor of the number 2 since binary circuits are used to divide the frequency

23. The Correction of the Frequency During the manufacture of quartz resonators variations occur and not all will oscillate at 32,768 Hz (32 kHz) The traditional method is to use a trimmer (an adjustable capacitor) or a fixed capacitor to make corrections to the frequency Today more often “Inhibition” systems are being used to correct the output signal of the divider chain (inside the integrated circuit)

24. The Function of the Integrated Circuit The integrated circuit is the “brain” of the quartz watch. It has many different functions: maintain the oscillation of the quartz divide the frequency correct the rate of the watch (inhibition system) transmit impulses to the motor end of life indicator (battery) controlled motor drive (servo control circuit)

25. The Integrated Circuit Integrated circuits in watchmaking are usually manufactured using C-MOS technology (complimentary metal oxide semiconductor) They are manufactured on silicon wafers in a step by step photo-lithographical process which requires extreme precision

26. Inhibition System The accuracy of the quartz watch depends largely on the frequency of the quartz The frequency of quartzes vary due to manufacturing tolerances These variations can be corrected outside the IC by either using a trimmer or fixed capacitor Another system is using a special IC which corrects the frequency inside the divider chain Watches with inhibition system will always indicate a large gain when the rate is tested using acoustical and capacitive pick-up modes This gain is corrected every so often (commonly every 60 seconds) by eliminating a set number of impulses at the 16 kHz level of the divider chain These type of watches must be tested by using the motor (inductive) pick-up and preset the integration time (measurement interval) to 60 seconds

27. The IC of a Digital Quartz Watch This type of IC’s may contain additional functions such as: Multiplex circuit Segment driver circuit for LCD (64Hz) Alarm Chronograph

28. Introduction to Electro- magnetism When an electric current flows through a coil the coil becomes a magnet. By adding a soft-iron core this effect can be “directed” and increased.

29. The Motor Early on watch manufacturers used various designs of electro-mechanical transformers in quartz wrist watches Balance wheel Tuning fork Micro motor (compact)

30. The Lavet Motor Today most commonly used in quartz analog watches Introduced during the second part of the 1970’s due to the availability of small and very powerful magnets (samarium kobalt alloy) Principle components:

31. Evolution of the Lavet Motor Early design with open stator Current design with closed stator Rotor “floats” inside stator opening

32. The Function of the Lavet Motor The motor impulse The rotor at rest The positive motor impulse

33. The Function of the Lavet Motor The negative motor impulse The rotor at rest (after 180 degrees) The rotor has completed one revolution (two impulses needed)

34. The Display Train wheel and display of an analog quartz watch

35. The Electronic Display Digital quartz watches use a seven digit display matrix for numbers In LED quartz watches each segment is made out of several light emitting diodes (gallium arsenide or gallium phosphate). These displays required a lot of energy and two hands to read the time.

36. The Liquid Crystal Display Liquid crystals are organic substances that have different physical properties depending on the temperature Liquid crystals can vary by their molecular structure (smectic, nematic, cholesteric or dichroic). Today mainly nematic substances are used for watches

37. The Design of the LCD Design principle Side view 1. Upper glass 2. Upper polarization filter 3. Individual electrodes 4. Common electrode 5. Frame 6. Liquid crystals 7. Lower glass 8. Lower polarization filter 9. Reflector 10. Common electrode contact 11. Fill hole / Solder point 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 10 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 11

38. Function of a LCD 1 2 7 3 6 54 89 1. Reflector 2. Polarization filters 3. Liquid crystal molecules in normal state 4. Incoming light 5. No contrast 6. Electrical field applied (electrodes not shown) 7. Liquid crystal molecules arranged 8. Incoming light 9. Contrast

39. Diagnosis of Quartz Analog Watches 1 3 5 4 1. Checking the rate (quartz frequency) Acoustic or capacitive pick-up (Inhibition system) 2. Checking the rate (magnetic field of motor during impulse) Inductive pick-up (Inhibition system) 3. Testing the battery 4. Checking the motor impulse 5. Checking the coil resistance 6. Checking the insulation of circuit and coil 7. Checking the consumption 8. Checking the lower working voltage 2

40. Diagnosis ETA 955.112

41. Checking the Rate ( Acoustic Pick-up) Checking the rate with case closed

42. Checking the Rate ( Inductive Pick-up)

43. Testing the Voltage (Battery Installed)

44. Checking the Motor Impulse (Battery Installed)

45. Coil Resistance (Battery Removed)

46. Checking the Average Consumption (Battery removed)

47. Checking the Base Consumption (Battery removed)

48. Interaction between a Coil and a Permanent Magnet When moving a permanent magnet in/out of a coil a current will be “induced”

49. Controlled Motor Drive

50. Testing the Controlled Motor Drive

51. End of Life Indication (Battery removed) Certain movements with seconds hand have an indicator to signal the need for a battery replacement This function is activated when the battery voltage drops below 1,4 V When replacing the battery the movement may continue to operate in the EOL mode for up to one minute Pulling out and pushing back in the stem will reset the EOL function

52. Lower Working Voltage (Battery Removed)

53. Lower Working Voltage (Battery Removed – Fast Action Mode)

54. The Thermo-compensation System (ETA 255.511/561) In the mid-1980’s the first quartz watches with thermo-compensation systems were introduced in the quest for high-precision watches (deviation of +/- 10sec/year) as alternative to utilizing mega-hertz quartzes. The design is based on using a twin-quartz solution where the temperature variance of a standard 32 kHz quartz is electronically stabilized by comparing its accuracy to a 262 kHz quartz and (with the help of a sophisticated electronic circuit) introduce a correction every eight minutes via an inhibition system. To make corrections to the regulation a specified procedure needs to be followed and a timing machine with a 480 seconds integration time is required.

55. Thermo-compensation circuit and Temperature-Frequency Curve Rate in sec/day Regular quartz Thermo-compensated quartz Temperature-Frequency Coefficients