1. LAB PROTOCOL – all personal items aside keep a writing implement get your journal

2. DO NOW – In your Journal answer the following: How do we use the land? Identify as many ways as you can.

3. Essential Questions What are different land usages? What are some local land usages? What beneficial services do ecosystems provide? How have human activities impacted the land? What are some local and federal laws governing land usage?

4. Land Use and Land Cover Land cover: Vegetation and structures that cover land. Land use: Human activities that occur on land. Humans change land cover, especially in urban areas. These changes have environmental and economic effects

6. What are some land uses and cover in Wanaque?

8. What does this pie chart tell us? What is the largest land use in U.S.?

9. What about other uses?

11. AFTER BEFORE

12. OIL SHALE REMOVAL

13. Animas River, Colorado before and after 3 million gallons of toxic mining waste spilled on 8/5/15

17. Managing Mineral Resources and Mining The Mining Operation Site analysis – evaluate site for potential of cost- effective mineral extraction Leases, Licensing, Permits – company registers with state agency that implements SMCRA (Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977), or if land is public, lease with government negotiated – Extraction Surface Mining – overburden removed & stored Sub-surface Mining – underground used to extract deeper deposits Wells – extraction of fluids

18. Managing Mineral Resources and Mining The Mining Operation – Processing Heap-Leach Extraction for Gold – Pile of gold sprayed with acidified cyanide to dissolve gold – When mining operations complete toxic cyanide often left behind Uranium Processing – Environmentally devastating – at each step nuclear waste produced » 100 tons of ore mined, 0.8 tons purified » 99.2 tons high-level nuclear waste – Aluminum Electrolytic Extraction – energy intensive » Ore is crushed, melted, then put in large vats with electrodes

19. Managing Mineral Resources and Mining The Mining Operation – Reclamation – SMCRA requires mining operations to put money aside to reclaim mining sites Return of overburden Topsoil put down & plants grown Highwalls sculpted to appear natural Tailings removed & placed where leaching and acid runoff prohibited – Environmental Consequences of Mining Land deformed from digging or erosion Mine tailings exposed to rain become toxic spoiling soil, destroying streams and rivers, or contaminates groundwater Particulate air pollution