1. Madisonian vs. Jeffersonian Models of Government
Madison: The Constitutional Republic
Republic: A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.
Favors the status quo – change is slow. Remember- he wanted to “prevent a tyranny of the majority”
Jefferson: A more direct form of government. The will of the people at work. Majority rule is good!

2. They get 9 of 13 to ratify but…
New Hampshire was the ninth state, putting the Constitution into effect on June 21, 1788.
New York, Virginia, North Carolina, and Rhode Island held out.
Why would they be important to also ratify it? (Hint: Think about their size)

3. Anti-Federalists
Anti-federalists thought the central government was too strong and would take their rights away.
Many anti-federalists sought to leave the government under the Articles of Confederation intact.
They had more support with farmers and those in the backcountry. Why?

5. Federalists
Federalists: Supported ratifying the Constitution as is. Thought a strong government would be able to prevent things like Shays Rebellion from happening.
They had more support with those who were wealthier (merchants and plantation owners) and those with political power.

6. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay

7. How did they get NY and VA on board?
Hamilton Madison

8. Write the Federalist Papers (NY Editorials)

9. Important Federalist Papers…
Federalist 47, 48, 51 – The Constitution provides for a separation of power and checks and balances, which prevent the arbitrary exercise of government.

10. Important Federalist Papers…
Federalist 16, 17 – It is necessary to create a national government that can act directly upon the citizens of states to regulate common concerns of the nation.

11. Important Federalist Papers…
Federalist 44 – The Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I gives Congress implied powers, which without this the goals of the Constitution could not be achieved.
Federalist 45 – Under the Constitution, the national government is stronger, but the states are also protected from unwarranted national intrusion.

12. Important Federalist Papers…
Federalist 39 – The government is derived from the people and the new Constitution is both “federal” and national. Requiring agreement among the states on affairs of concern to them and allowing the national government to act directly upon the people only on national matters.

13. And they add a Bill of Rights!
The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.
These limit the powers of the federal government, protecting the rights of the people by preventing.
They state specifically rights people have as citizens.
How did this help ratifications?

14. Ratifying the Constitution: Feds vs. Anti-Feds

15. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist
Federalist Papers
A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name “Publius” to defend the Constitution
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, drafted in response to some of the Anti-Federalist concerns about the lack of basic liberties.

16. The Bill of Rights

17. State Conventions Ratify
Ratification
Lacking majority support, the Federalists specified that the Constitution be ratified by state conventions, not state legislatures.
Delaware first ratified the Constitution on December 7, 1787.
New Hampshire’s approval (the ninth state to ratify) made the Constitution official six months later.

18. Changing the Constitution

19. The Constitution Loves Yoga
The Constitution is short, with fewer than 8,000 words.
It does not prescribe every detail.
There is no mention of congressional committees or independent regulatory commissions.
The Constitution is not static, but flexible for future generations to determine their own needs.

20. Some Keys to Understanding the Constitution:
The Constitution and Democracy
The Constitution is rarely described as democratic.
There has been a gradual democratization of the Constitution.
The Constitution and the Scope of Government
Much of the Constitution reinforces individualism and provides multiple access points for citizens.
It also encourages stalemate and limits government.
The Constitution was ratified to strengthen congressional economic powers, even with disagreements over issues of equality.
Protection of individual rights guaranteed through the Bill of Rights.
Formal and informal changes continue to shape our Madisonian system of government. (election cycles)