1. Lecture 4 Passive voice Causative verb

2. PASSIVE VOICE

3. Forming the passive Form of the passive: be + past participle Only transitive verbs (verbs that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. Example: S V O – ACTIVE: Mary helped the boy. S V O – PASSIVE: The boy was helped by Mary. S V – ACTIVE: An accident happened. – PASSIVE: (none)

4. Using the passive PASSIVE: Rice is grown in India ACTIVE : ? Someone grow rice in India Usually the passive is used without the “by phrase” when it is not known or not important to know who exactly perform the action. S V ADV (PLACE)

5. Examples ACTIVEPASSIVE Mary helps John. Mary is helping John. Mary has helped John. Mary helped John. Mary was helping John. Mary had helped John. Mary will help John. Mary is going to help John. Mary will have helped John. John is helped by Mary John is being helped by Mary John has been helped by Mary John was helped by Mary John was being helped by Mary John had been helped by Mary John will be helped by Mary John is going to be helped by Mary John will have been helped by Mary Simple present Present progressive Present perfect Simple past Past progressive Past perfect Simple future Be going to Future perfect GRAMMAR The progressive form of the present perfect, past perfect, future, and future perfect are rarely used in passive

6. Indirect objects as passive subjects Active: – Someone gave Mrs. Lee an award. – Someone gave an award to Mrs. Lee. Passive: – Mrs. Lee was given an award. – An award was given to Mrs. Lee. Either I.O. or D.O. may become the subject of the passive voice. When the D.O. become the subject, to is usually used in front of the I.O. Indirect object Direct object

7. HAVE, GET, MAKE, LET, HELP Causative Verbs:

8. Using Make, Have, Get It is used to express the idea that ‘X’ causes ‘Y’ to do something. a)I made my brother carry my bag. b)I had my brother carry my bag. c)I got my brother to carry my bag. Verb in simple form Verb in infinitive form

9. The difference in meaning a)I made my brother carry my bag. means my brother had no choice. I insisted that he carry my bag. b)I had my brother carry my bag. means my brother carried my bag simply because I asked him to. c)I got my brother to carry my bag. means I managed to persuade my brother to carry my bag.

10. Passive meaning d)I had my car repaired. (by someone) e)I got my car repaired. (by someone) a) and e) have little to no difference: I caused my car to be repaired by someone. Past participle or V3

11. Using Let and Help A.My father let me drive his car. B.My mother helped me make pasta. C.My mother helped me to make pasta. Let is always followed by simple form of a verb while help can be followed by either verb one or an infinitive.