2. Introduction To Translation Dr.Amira Kashgary 350

4. The definition of translation problem: is any difficulty we come across at translating that invites us to stop translating in order to check, recheck, reconsider, rewrite it,by use a dictionary, or a reference to help us to make sense of it. Another definition:- a translation problem It is any thing in the SL text which forces us to stop translating.a translation problem can be posed by grammar, words, style and sounds.

5. Problems of translationgrammaticallexicalstylisticphonological

6. Grammatical problems English and Arabic belong to two different and distant language families ; in fact, their grammars are sharply different. The most common problem in this kind is:- 1-Translation of verb " be" : literal translation of " am, is, are “ when these verbs are the main and only verbs in the sentence, they are translated by many students literally into which is a poor translation.( بمعنى يكون ) Examples : ( انا اكون طالبا )1- I am a student- ( هي تكون طيبة 2-She is kind-( The Problem is

7. " am, is, are " can be omitted altogether here, thus changing the English verbal sentences into Arabic nominal ones. For examples:- I am a student ( أنا طالب ) She is kind ( هي طيبة ) Solution:-

8. 2-Translation of word order : The normal order of the words of the Arabic sentence is sometimes different from that of the English sentence whose normal order is as follows : S - V - O / C.. In Arabic, however, the normal word order is two types : 1- Nominal word order : topic and comment / Subject and Predicate.. 2- Verbal word order : V- S - O / C..

9. The reservation of the English word order : The English word order is usually translated literally N - V - O / C into Arabic, regardless of its normal word order, which is possible, but not advisable as a rule unless the noun is emphasized. Examples :. ) The sky became cloudy السماء تلبدت بالغيوم )1- The students enjoyed their holiday ( التلاميذ استمتعوا بإجازتهم )2- Problem:-

10. the change into normal Arabic word order : In normal cases, the English word order is replaced by the more frequent and normal Arabic word order of [ V - S - O / C ].. Examples:- The sky became cloudy ( تلبدت السماء بالغيوم ) The students enjoyed their holiday ( استمتع التلاميذ بإجازتهم ) Solution:-

11. lexical problems : Most of the students' mistakes are their superficial Word - For - Word translation of the SL texts, and ignorance of Arabic equivalence.They understand translation as the translation of individual words only, which is very much to the contrast of reality in translation practice

12. 1-Literal translation of meaning : A common mistake is committed by the students when they take literal translation to be applicable to everything in language. Examples : Enough is enough ( كاف كاف )1- If you were in my shoes ( لو كنت في حذائي )2- Solution : is try to translate the text or the sentence by its meaning : ) Enough is enough طفح الكيل ) ) If you were in my shoes لو كنت في مكاني )

13. 2-Translation of special fixed phrases : A special phrase is a phrase with a special meaning that cannot be understood from the direct, surface meaning of its words, nor from their total meaning when taken together. One of the major translation problems for students is the translation of special fixed phrases : Idioms An idioms: is a fixed phrase whose form is usually unchangeable and whose meaning is always the same, inflexible, metaphorical and indirect.

14. We can divide translation of English idioms into Arabic to two groups : Group A " Direct Idioms " 1- It was the straw that broke the camel's back ) كانت القشة التي قصمت ظهر البعير ) 2-High prices are a daylight robbery ) الأسعار الباهظة سرقة في وضح النهار ) for the students is to have access to the equivalent idiom in Arabic. The problem:-

15. is possibly not difficult for two reasons : 1- Idioms are favourable for the students. 2- The idioms of this group have direct, identical equivalents in Arabic. The solution

16. Group B " Indirect Idioms " : He is a big shot gun. ( هو رجل عظيم )1- He can walk on water. ( هو يستطيع أن يصنع المعجزات )2-  The examples of this group are quite problematic for the students of translation, because they are entirely indirect and cannot be understood from the literal, common meaning of the words.

17. will be clearer for the students when these idioms are translated literally and directly, proving to be wrong, strange, nonsensical and sometimes funny : He is a big shot gun. ( هو رمية كبيرة )1- )He can walk on water. يستطيع أن يمشي على الماء )2- The problem

18. Stylistic problems is viewed as a part of meaning and affects it in different ways and to different degrees. So, Changing of style means a change of meaning of some kind. Style is no longer seen as irrelevant to meaning, separated from it, or the dress that has nothing to do with it. Style

19. 1- Frozen formal2- Formal3-Informal 4-Colloquial 5-Slang There are five styles of English language:-

20. Style of Formality VS. Informality The five styles of English language : 1- Frozen formal " فصيح جدا " 2- Formal " فصيح “ 3-informal -" غير فصيح " 4-Colloquial " عامي " 5-Slang " سوقي " Be seated ( اجلس ) Have a seat ( تفضل بالجلوس ) Sit down, please ( اجلس لو سمحت ) Feel at home ( خذ راحتك ) Sit bloody down ( اقعد في مكانك )

21. Frozen formal Formal+ Informal Colloquial Slang Where we can find this style..? Arabic styles Style of English language The English styles can be translated into these Arabic styles as follows:-

22. The problem for the students is how they can distinguish between these styles, especially in English and partly in Arabic, with regard to the differentiation between classical Arabic and MSA in particular.

23. The Solution is minimize the English styles to one general style in Arabic, that is, Modern Standard Arabic, at early stages in particular. The reason for choosing the MSA is that it is the middle ground among Arabic styles : simple, easy, more acceptable, polite, known, popular, understandable and available to the students at different levels of English.

24. Phonological problems : Phonology is concentrated on sounds, so it is unfair to ignore sounds since they can have an important - sometimes crucial - role to play in meaning or reading the text in the first place. They have an effect of some kind, more directly than indirectly on the message. Such effect is usually implied, and the translator is responsible for tracing it in order to reflect it in one way or another in his translation.

25. Some of the sounds features : Rhyme : is a kind of phonetic echo or matching found in verse in particular at the end of the words and lines in both English and Arabic..( قافية ) Rhythm : is a regular stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry.. ( الإيقاع )

26. example:- The " 1-Shells, gas clouds and flotillas of tanks-shattering, corroding death...... scolding, choking, death " ( قنابل وسحابات غازية, و أرتال من الدبابات, تمزيق, تآكل, موت...... حرق, خنق, موت ) twise in ( آ ) In Arabic translation,he using the long vowels once in using the long in,and using guttural letter, in ( دبابات ) ( تآكل )(ي)(ي)( تمزيق ) (ق)(ق).( حرق وخنق )

27. Advertisements : " A Mars a day helps you work, rest and play ( an advertisement for Mars chocolate ) " ) شوكولا مارس فيها نشاط وفيها راحة على طول وفيها تصول و تجول ) Here Rhyme and Rhythm are more powerful than the message.They are intended to attract customers and draw their attention to the advertised product, which is the first, preliminary step of selling it.

28. In this example to a achieve rhyme, three procedures have been applied :.( على طول ) 1-Addition of the informal three times.. ( فيها ) 2-the sporadic repetition of ( يصول ويجول ) into ( يلعب ) 3-Intentional expansion of play 4- Change of word class : the verbs " work “ ( ينشط )and " rest " ( يرتاح )are changed into nouns‘( نشاط وراحة )

29. The video & Work sheet +

31. Wadha Shima’a Rothana Reham

32. References http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukRbRS7AJ6 +