1. DR. S & S. S. GHANDHY GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE , SURAT
DR. S & S.S. GHANDHY GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE , SURAT. House Drainage Subject name: Environmental engineering Subject code:
Prepared by:
Name : patel virat p.
En.no:
Sem-2,civil

2. NAME
EN. NO.
Parmar Bhavesh V.
Parmar Kartikey M.
Patel Bhargav A.
Patel Deep A.
Patel Gaurang B.
Patel Hiren C.
Patel Kiran S.
Patel kush V.
Patel Reepal K.
Patel Virat P.

3. Aim of house drainage To maintain healthy conditions in the building.
Disposal of waste water as early and quickly as possible.
Avoid the entry of foul gases from the sewer or the septic tank.
To collect and remove waste matters systematically.

4. PRINCIPLE OF HOUSE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1) lay sewers by the side of the building rather than below the building.
2) drains should be laid straight between inspection chambers, avoiding sharp bends and junctions as far as possible.
3) Hows drain should be connected to the public sewer only when public sewer is deeper than the house drain in order to avoid reverse flow.
4) In case of multistory buildings they should be located one above the other.

5. 5) joints of sewers should be water tight and should be properly tested before putting the drainage line to use. 6) lateral sewers should be laid at proper gradient so that they can develop self cleansing velocity. 7) Size of drain should be sufficient so that they do Not overflow at the time of maximum discharge. 8) Layout of house drainage system should permit easy cleaning and removal of obstructions 9) Entire system should be properly ventilated from the starting point to the final point of discharge. 10) Rain water pipe should drain water directly into the street gutters from where it is carried to the storm water drain.

6. Important definitions and Terms:
• Sewage:
– Liquid wastes from the community.
–Discharge from bathrooms, kitchen, washing places, wash basins, latrines, urinals, industrial wastes and storm water.
• Sullage:
– Indicate waste water from bathrooms, kitchens, washing places, wash basins etc.
–It does not include waste water from W.C., urinals etc.
–It does not create bad smell since organic matter in it is absent.
• Night soil: Human and animal excreta.
• Sewerage: Entire science of collecting and carrying sewage by water carriage system through sewers.

7. • Waste water: – Synonymous to sewage
• Waste water: – Synonymous to sewage. – Includes both organic and mineral matter carried through liquid media. – While the organic portion of the waste water is putrescible (Liable to decay), undergoing biological decomposition, the mineral matter may combine with water to form dissolved solids – May form unsightly sludge deposits and may contribute to the hardness of water in the effluent. • Sewer: Under ground pipe or conduit carrying sewage.

8. • Siphonage: –Breaking of Water seal of traps may due to siphonicaction. –Induced when water is suddenly discharged from a fixture on the upper floor. • Anti siphonagepipe: –Pipe installed to prevent the water seal of traps. –Maintains proper ventilation and does not allow the siphonicaction to take place.

9. • Plumbing system: Entire system of plumbing, fixtures, pipelines etc
• Plumbing system: Entire system of plumbing, fixtures, pipelines etc. for providing water supply or drainage to a building. • Sewerage system: A system of sewers of different types and sizes in a town collecting waste water from the town and carrying it to the waste water treatment plant. • Rain water pipe: Pipe to carry rain water. • Trap: – Device connected at the end of soil pipe or waste pipe to stop the entry of foul gases inside the building. –Bent pipe in shape of ‘U’ which always remains full of water.

10. Important definitions and Terms:
• Water seal: –The vertical distance between the crown and the dip of the trap is known as water seal. –The portion always remains full of water. –Generally the water seal varies from 75mm to 100mm. –Water seal is required to prevent entry of foul gases in the building from the drains.

11. Traps:-
A trap is A device which is used to prevent sewer gases from entering
the buildings.
The traps are located below or within a plumbing fixture and retains
small amount of water.
The retaining water creates a water seal which stops foul gases going
back to the building from drain pipes
All plumbing fixtures such as sinks, washbasins, bathtubs and toilets
are equipped with traps.

12. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SHAPE
P trap
S trap
Q trap
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SIZE
Nahni trap
Intercepting trap
Gully trap
Grease trap

13. P Trap:-
This trap is used with Indian water closet (ORISSA Pattern)
The traps are made from cast iron or UPV sheet.
This trap also has water seal and prevents entry of foul gases to the house.  

14. S Trap:-
This trap is similar to P trap
It is used for fixing water closets in toilets.
The only difference between P trap and S trap is that P trap is used for outlet through the wall where as S trap is used for outlet through the floor

15. Q Trap:-
This trap is used in toilet under water closet. It is almost similar to S trap and is used in upper storey other than ground floor.

16. Floor Trap or Nahini Trap:-
This trap is provided in the floor to collect waste water from washbasin, shower, sink and bathroom .
These are available in cast iron or UPVC material and have removable grating (JALI)on the top of the trap.
The minimum depth of water seal should be 50 mm.

17.  Intercepting Trap:-
This trap is provided at the last main hole of building sewerage to prevent entry of foul gases from public sewer to building sewer.
It has a deep-water seal of 100 mm.

18. Gully Trap:-
These traps are constructed outside the building to carry waste water
discharge from washbasin, sinks, bathroom etc.
These are deep seal traps, the depth of water seal should be 50 mm
minimum.
It also prevents the entry of cockroach and other insects from sewer line to
waste pipes carrying waste water.

19.  Grease Trap:-
This trap is a device to collect the grease contents of waste and can be
cleaned from the surface. This is generally used in food processing unit.

20. PIPES
In a house drainage system, a pipe may have the following designation, depending upon the function it carries.

21. Soil pipe :- It is the carrying sewage from urinal, water closets etc
Soil pipe :- It is the carrying sewage from urinal, water closets etc. I.e.it carries human excreta.

22. 2. Waste pipe :- it is the pipe carrying discharge from bathroom, kitchen, sink,etc.

23. 3. vent pipe :- the pipe installed for the purpose of ventilation of the system is known as vent pipe.

24. 4. Rainwater pipe :- It is a pipe which carries only rain water.

25. 5. Antisiphonage pipe :- A which is installed in the house Drainage to preserve the water seal of traps is known as antisiphonage pipe.
It is maintain proper ventilation and dose not allow the siphonic action to take place.

26. 6. Ventilating pipe :- The ventilating pipe enables the foul gases of sewer to be safety discharged into the atmosphere.

27. the following size of pipes commonly used in house drainage
soil pipe
waste pipe horizontal
waste pipe vertical
rain water pipe
vent pipe
antisiphonage pipe.
1. connecting soil pipe
2. connecting waste pipe
-100 mm
-30 to 50 mm
-75 mm
-75 mm
-50 mm
-40 mm

28. Sanitary fittings Wash basins Flushing cisterns sinks urinals
Water closets

29. Wash basins
A wash basin is usually made of pottery or white glazed earthware or enamelled iron, etc.
There are two types of wash basins
The flat back
The angle back
An ordinary wash basin is mounted on brackets fixed on wall, while a pedestal type basin is mounted on pedestal from wall.

30. They are available in different shapes and size.
Standard sizes for flat back wash basins are:
630 × 450 mm
550 × 400 mm
450 × 300 mm
Standard sizes for angle back wash basins are:
600 × 480 mm
400 × 400 mm
It has an oval shaped bowl, with an overflow slot at the top.
The waste pip with a metallic strainer is provided at the bottom of bowl,
The waste pipe has a trap at its bottom.

31. The wash basins are provided in kitchens, bathrooms or some suitable place for washing face , mouth , hands, etc.

32. sinks
A sink is a rectangular basin used in kitchen or laboratory for cleaning utensils, and glasswares .
These may be made of glazed earthware ,stainless steel.
The sink has an outlet usually of about 40 mm diameter.
The outlet pipe discharges water over a floor trap or nahni trap.
The mouth of outlet pipe is provided with grating of brass or nickel so that the entry of coarse solid substances is prevented.
Common sizes of kitchen sinks:
600×400×150 mm
600 ×450 ×250 mm
750 ×450 ×250 mm
Common sizes for laboratory sinks:
400×250 ×150 mm
450×300 ×150 mm
600×400 ×200 mm

33. Bath tubs
Bath tubs are usually made of iron or steel coated with enamel, enamelled porcelain or of plastic.
They may be with parallel sides or with tapering sides.
The usual dimensions of bath tub are:
Length : 1.7 to 1.85 m
Width : to 0.75 m
Depth : 0.6 m
A bath tub is provided with outlet and overflow pipes, usually of 40 mm diameter.
A trap with proper water seal is used at outlet.

34. WATER CLOSETS:
The water closet is a sanitary fitting which is designed to receive human excreta directly from the person using it. The room in which it is installed is also sometimes referred by the term water closet.
The water closets are of following two types :
1.Indian type water closet
2.European type water closet

35. INDIAN TYPE WATER CLOSET :
This is fixed in squatting or sitting position. The overall length of this varies from 450 to 675mm. The width near the one end is 150mm and it is increased to 225 to 280mm near the other end. The overall height is including the trap is about 400 to 500mm. It requires atleast 10 litres of water for flushing

36. EUROPEAN TYPE WATER CLOSET:
The below figure shows the details of a typical European type water closet. It is made of porcelain and fixed above floor level. The pan has flushing rim, which is connected to the flushing cistern. A cover is provided at its top. Overall lengths varies from 500 to 600mm and height 350 to 400mm.

37. URINALS
The arrangements provided to receive the urine. They are mainly two types.
1.Bowl type.
2.Stall or Slab type.
BOWL TYPE –
The bowl type has a lipped basin with a flushing rim fixed at a convenient height about 0.6m. It is flushed through hand operated symphonic type flushing cistern.

38. STALL OR SLAB TYPE – It comprises of a flat wall with slab with partitions on sides. It has a floor channel to drain off the discharge through trapped outlet. The stall type urinal range may be flushed by automatic flushing cistern with a capacity of 10 to 15 litres. The details are as shown in figure below.

39. Flushing cistern
A cistern or tank which is installed above the latrine or urinal for flushing cistern.
In case of indian water closet, the cistern is made of C.I. and in case of European water closet it is made of porcelain.
Operated by chain and handle.
Capacity: 5 to 10 liters.
Flushing cistern of two types:
1. valveless siphonic type
2. valve fitted siphonic type

40. SYSTEM OF PLUMBING
There are four principal systems of plumbing for drainage of building.
Single stack system
One pipe system
Partially ventilated single stack system
Two pipe system

41. 1.Single stack system
This is simplest system , in which the waste water matter from bathroom, kitchen, sinks, as well as foul matter from the w.c. And urinal are discharged in one single pipe called soil and waste pipe.
This pipe terminates as the vent pipe at its top, and no separate vent pipe is provided.
The single stack system is effective only if the traps are filled with water seal of depth not less than 75 mm.

42. 2.One pipe system
In this system , a separate vent pipe is provided and the traps of all w.c. , basins are completely ventilated.
If system is provided in multi-storeyed building , the lavatory blocks of various floors are so placed one over other, so that the waste water discharged from the different units can be carried through short branch drains to common soil and waste pipe.

43. 3.Patially ventilated single stack system
This is modified form of the single stack system and one pipe system.
In this system the waste water is discharged into one common soil and waste pipe.
However , a relief vent pipe is also provided which provides ventilation to the traps of water closets only.
The traps are not directly connected to the vent pipe.

44. 4.Two pipe system
In this system, separate soil pipe and wastepipe is provided.
The discharge from w.c. Is connected to the soil pipe while the discharge from bath, sink, etc. Are connected to waste pipe.
All the traps are completely ventilated by providing separate ventilating pipes. Thus 4 pipes required.
The discharge from the waste pipe disconnected from the drain by means of a gully trap.

45. H0USE DRAINAGE PLAN

47. Before starting the plumbing work ,it is most essential first to prepare the drainage plan.
The site plan is drawn to a suitable scale, showing onto it the position of baths ,w.c., urinals, wash basins ,and other units , along with the position of gully traps floor traps.
The longitudinal section of the drain is also drawn ,showing distance , invert levels , size and levels of inspection chambers and man holes, gradient of pipes and the position and level of the public sewer.

50. The following points should be kept in mind while preparing the drainage plan:
The drains should be laid in such a way so as to remove the sewage quickly from the building.
The drains should be laid at such a slope that self cleansing velocity is developed in them.

51. Entire drainage system should be properly ventilated on the house side, the ventilation pipe should be carried sufficiently high above the buildings.
All the drains should be laid in such way so as to ensure their safety in future.
The drain should be laid in such a way that in future extension can be done easily.
All soil pipes should be carried direct to the manholes without gully traps.

52. Pipes should be laid in straight lines both in horizontal as well as in the vertical directions, any abrupt change in the direction of flow should be avoided.
Where pipes intersects or where there is change in the direction of pipe, inspection chamber should be provided.
All rain water pipe should discharge over gully traps and should be disconnected from the drains.

53. Testing of Drains and Pipes
Air Test
Coloured Test
Hydraulic Test
Smell Test
Smoke Test

54. Air test
The air test can be applied for the underground and vertical pipes.
The perticular section is selected and the plugs are provided at the upper and lower ends.
The air is forced in the pipe by suitable equipment such as pump.

55. Coloured Test
When coloured water is allowed to flow from one point of the drain, it will come out through the leaky joints.
Thus, the leakage can be detected and suitable remedies may be applied.

56. Hydraulic test
This is the most important test which is applied for the watertightness of the underground drains.
The lower end is provided with a plug and at the upper manhole, the water is filled to a height of about 600mm in the case of house drain.
Hydraulic test device

57. Smell test
This test is similar to the air test. But, In this case air is mixed with some smelling gas which can be easily recognised.
Such air is allowed to pass through the drain .
The escape of air from leaky joints is detected by smell and such joints are then repaired.

58. Smoke Test
This test is also similar to the air test, except that smoke is introduced in the drain.
The test is generally applied for detecting leakage in existing drians.

59. MAINTENANCE OF HOUSE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
For efficient working of house drainage system it should be properly maintained and cleaned at regular intervals.
The following points should be carefully noted:
Entry of undesirable elements:
Care should be taken to se that undesirable substance like grits , sand , decayed fruits, vegetable , piece of cloths leaves, etc. do not enter the system
Flushing :
It is advisable to flush the system once or twice a day in order to maintain it in working condition.
Inspection :
Various units of house drainage system should be inspected at regular intervals and the obstruction, if any , should be removed.

60. Quality of materials :
Good quality materials should be used.
Use of disinfectants :
To maintain good sanitary condition in the building the disinfectants should be freely used in lavatory blocks , bathrooms, etc.

61. Precautions in plumbing work

64. During plumbing work the following precaution should be taken:
For all pipes , fitting etc. should be used. Sub standard material may cause leakage In pipes and fittings.
All the joints should be made tight by wrapping jute thread and white lead paints in the threads while screwing.
Over screwing of pipes , fittings, elbow, tee, socket, cross etc. should not be done to avoid cracks.
For fixing of pegs ,brackets, etc. in the wall only the required size hole should be made in the wall.
The pegs should be fixed with their broader end inside the wall and smaller size in face of the wall.

65. While measuring the length of the pipes for cutting due allowance for the space of fitting should be made.
The pipes should be cut at right angle to the axis of the pipe.
While fixing the pipe in the vice it should not be over tightened otherwise it may also press the pipe.
While bending the pipes on the bending machine care should be taken otherwise it may also press the pipe and give more bend than desire,
The pipes should be fixed with the pipe hook at proper place by driving hooks in the masonry joints.