1. You Will Be Assimilated!

3. Education and / as Assimilation Carlisle Indian School

4. Socialization The process of being made fit for cooperative group living The process of being made to adapt or conform to the common needs or expectations of a social group For instance, if you move to a foreign country, you will undergo a socialization process as you learn what is expected and what is frowned upon

5. From iParenting http://www.toddlerstoday.com/articles/development/off- to-school-we-go-4050/ The whole area of socialization…: “Preschool is usually the first real experience away from home where the child begins to deal with socializing with other children," says Quinn. "Mom is not there to intercede, and the child begins to learn to function in a group as well as one- on-one with other children. They also learn how to relate to other adults.”

6. Assimilation The cultural absorption of a minority group into the dominant cultural body Synonyms: Incorporation, digestion Milder versions: Adaptation, integration, cultural negotiation Metaphor of America as a ‘ melting pot ’ or a ‘ tossed salad ’ concerns the relative degree of assimilation Assimilation implies erasure of distinctiveness

7. Socialization and Assimilation Socialization and assimilation are related to each other; assimilation is a special and extreme case of socialization. Socialization is a necessary part of the maturation process, while assimilation is more severe, and is not natural. In fact it is, by its very nature, coercive ( “ …resistance is futile… ” ). Socialization is a stated goal of education; in the case of the Carlisle School, assimilation was as well.

8. Racism Systematic prejudice that maintains that members of one race are intrinsically superior to another (or all other) race(s). Racism manifests in structural arrangements, such as segregation, lack of access to resources for the despised race, and systemic lack of opportunities (including education). The concept of ‘ race ’ is hotly debated by scientists and social scientists; most feel that race has no independent physical reality, but is merely a social construct.

10. Cultural Genocide Cultural Genocide describes the deliberate destruction of the cultural heritage of a people or nation for political, military, religious, ideological, ethnical, or racial reasons. An attempt to destroy all or part of the culture of a people which is the basis of group identity.

12. Native American vs U.S. Conflicts, 1865-1965 Least hopeful time in Native American history, due to combination of Manifest Destiny, racism, cultural imperialism, and shrinking land holdings and economic base. Wounded Knee, a massacre of primarily unarmed children, women, and elderly men, took place in December 1890 in South Dakota. This marked the end of armed conflict between the U.S. government and native tribes.

13. Manifest Destiny Manifest = Obvious; Destiny = Inevitable, Fore-ordained Manifest Destiny was coined in the early nineteenth century to express and justify American territorial and ideological expansion across the North American continent.

14. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny generally included three presumptions: –The virtue and importance of the American people –The mission to spread American institutions, including education –A God-ordained destiny to spread American institutions, not unlike the “ Great Commission ” of religious proselytizing

15. Manifest Destiny Thomas Gast ’ s painting, American Progress (1872), shows the westward movement of American settlers. The allegorical angel representing America disperses the darkness in front of her; that ‘ darkness ’ includes Native peoples and the buffalo herds. American Progress also lauds technology; note the railroads and telegraph poles.

16. Manifest Destiny The angel carries a book, which could be either the Bible, or a schoolbook, or both. Education is thus part of American institutions and American technology

18. Carlisle, Pennsylvania

19. Zitkala-Sa: What We ’ ve Learned Souix (Lakota) – South Dakota Father white, mother native Quaker missionary school – The Whites Manual Labor Institute Attended Earlham College – Quaker school Later Music instructor at Carlisle Identity crisis – doesn’t fit in with whites, or at home on the reservation Oratorical competition, she was abused, called “squaw,” disbelieved – but still took second place Native culture is itself broken

20. Zitkala-Sa: What We ’ ve Learned Violinist – wrote opera about The Sun Dance, first opera produced with Native American creative input, 1913 production Cutting off of hair – the incident marking the change of identity

21. Zitkala-Sa: From Past Classes Items of interest, educationally Born Gertrude Simmons 1876, South Dakota Lakota Sioux Musician, editor, teacher, lobbyist, political activist, writer Raised by her Lakota mother (white father) Off to Quaker missionary school at age eight - she chooses it, but then regrets it - her mother has mixed feelings about this and about her daughter ’ s assimilation - torn between two worlds b/c living in both

22. Zitkala-Sa: From Past Classes National Council of American Indians, founder, 1926 Boarding school mostly negative - yet sends her son to a Catholic boarding school Compare to Pochahontas Involved in American Indian organizations Publishes “ Poor Rich Indians of Oklahoma ” Her school felt she was ungrateful for denying western culture ’ s greatness Writing an opera based on The Sun Dance

23. Sequoyah: What We ’ ve Learned B. 1770 in NC/Tennessee Cherokee mother, white father Hunter and fur trapper Learned metallurgy Developing written language for Cherokee Served in War of 1812 for U.S. Realized the advantages of written language while serving in the war 85 symbols in written language, teaches daughter

24. Sequoyah: What We ’ ve Learned Cherokee adopts in 1825, literacy rate surpasses even local settlers 1828-1834 – published Cherokee Phoenix One of the Five Civilized Tribes – forcibly relocated to Oklahoma

25. Sequoyah: From Past Classes What does Sequoyah teach us about racism? About strategies of assimilation? About cultural imperialism and cultural genocide? Mother Cherokee, father white fur trader; George Gist might have been original name Bathed in legend - mythological quality of information about him. Served the missionaries ’ purposes Served as emissary to Washington DC

26. Carlisle and Indian Schools Taking away identity, deliberately Some benefitted, and others were damaged by the experience These schools were often underfunded Child labor was not uncommon Forced sterilization of native women Some of these activities were probably war crimes

27. Carlisle and Indian Schools Col. Pratt was a hero to many for establishing the school, yet his quotes are remarkably repulsive to us nowadays http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4929/ Canada has actually issued an official apology

28. Carlisle and Indian Schools: What We ’ ve Learned

29. Response Ability #4 Topics Carter Woodson, founder of Black History Month, academic and researcher Historically Black Colleges (including Howard University, Spelman College, Hampton, Fisk, and many more; a list of still-operating HBC can be found at http://www.edonline.com/cq/hbcu/ ) - Your Response Ability can be on the concept of HBCs in general, or on one specific one (including ones now defunct as well as those still active). http://www.edonline.com/cq/hbcu/