1. Phylogeny Phylogeny- the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Natural classification.
Phylogenetic tree- a treelike diagram that represents a hypothesis of the evolutionary history of a species or group of related organisms.

2. Tree of Life- Universal Evolutionary Tree

3. Hominid Evolutionary Tree

4. Tree of Homo sapiens L.

5. Tree Terminology

6. Phylogenetic Groups

7. Phylogenetic trees Cladogram
Slanted
Cladogram
Slanted
Rectangular
Phylogram- shows divergence distances between taxa.

8. Rectangular cladogram Phylogram
Chondracanthus exasperatus
Chondracanthus spinosus
Chondracanthus squarrulosus

9. Cladistics
Cladistics- a method of organizing organisms on the basis of synapomorphic characters.
Characters- morphological, chemical, developmental, and molecular.
Homologous characters- features of different species that are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor.
Outgroup- a closely related taxon outside the group that is being analyzed.
Node- the branching point on a tree.

10. Green algae

12. Molecular Characters (Data)

13. Lynn Margulis (1938-)
In 1967 proposed the endosymbiotic theory as the origin of mitochondria.
Symbiosis in Cell Evolution.
Included chloroplast evolution.

14. Endosymbiotic Theory and the Evolution of Chloroplasts
Photosynthetic eukaryotes and their chloroplasts evolved from the engulfment of a cyanobacterium by a protozoan.
A phagocytotic protozoan took up a cyanobacterium into a food vesicle.
Instead of being digested, the cyanobacterium was retained as an endosymbiont.
The protozoan provided the alga with protection, a stable environment, and mineral nutrients.
The cyanobacterium produced carbohydrates for the protozoan.
The cell wall of the cyanobacterium was lost through evolutionary selection.
Food vesicle membrane= outer chloroplast membrane.
Plasma membrane of cyanobacterium= inner chloroplast membrane.

15. Support for the Endosymbiotic Theory
Chloroplasts are about the same size as cyanobacteria.
Evolve oxygen in photosynthesis.
70S ribosomes.
Chlorophyll A is the primary photosynthetic pigment in cyanobacteria and plants.
Circular prokaryotic DNA without histones.
Glaucophyta

17. Endosymbiosis in Vorticella and Chlorella