1. INFORMATION SESSION ON PHYTOSANITARY REGULATIONS IN GRAIN IMPORTS

2. Pest risk analysis: the basis for regulatory decision International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Leanne Stewart May 2016, Cairo, Egypt

3. Background of the IPPC The IPPC is an international agreement established to protect the world’s cultivated and natural plant resources from the spread and introduction of pests. Vision: Protecting global plant resources from pests. Mission: To secure cooperation among nations in protecting global plant resources from the spread and introduction of pests of plants, in order to preserve food security, biodiversity and to facilitate trade.

4. IPPC international standards International standards related to pest risk analysis (PRA) ISPM 1: Phytosanitary principles for the protection of plants and the application of phytosanitary measures in international trade ISPM 2: Framework for pest risk analysis ISPM 11: Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests ISPM 21: Pest risk analysis for regulated non-quarantine pests

5. IPPC international standards ISPM 11: Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests Provides details for the conduct of PRA to determine if pests are quarantine pests, including how to use the integrated processes of risk assessment and selection of risk management options described in ISPM 2. Guides countries on how to technically justify actions, establish import requirements and protect the crops you eat or export.

6. Pest risk analysis process The PRA process (ISPM 2) PRA Stage 1 – Initiation PRA Stage 2 – Pest risk assessment PRA Stage 3 – Pest risk management (if required) PRA Documentation PRA Risk communication

7. Making regulatory decisions Identifying appropriate phytosanitary measures The purpose of this process is to identify the types of measures that achieve the required level of risk management and to communicate this to domestic stakeholders and exporting country NPPO. Necessary Not more restrictive than necessary Technically justified to manage associated level of risk Consistent across trading partners with similar risks Transparently selected and decisions documented Cost effective and operationally feasible Consideration of previous requirements

8. Making regulatory decisions Types of phytosanitary measures Phytosanitary measures to manage risk can be separated into broad categories which relate to pest status of the pathway in the country of origin. These include: Actions that can be taken in the exporting country (prior to export) to prevent or reduce infestation in the crop Actions that can be taken in the exporting or importing country applied to the consignment Systems approaches Actions that can be taken in the exporting country and verification on arrival in the importing country Actions that can be taken in the importing country

9. Making regulatory decisions Actions that can be taken in the exporting country (prior to export) Applied in the exporting country to prevent or reduce infestation in the crop practice crop rotation to lower likelihood of residual disease presence in crops product certification scheme monitoring and surveillance of crops for pest/disease presence (during the growing season and prior to harvest)

10. Making regulatory decisions Actions that can be taken in the exporting or importing country Applied to the consignment Heat treatment Fumigation Processing for devitalization (e.g. crushing or oil milling) Irradiation for devitalization (ISPM 18) sampling and testing to ensure freedom or tolerance prior to export (before or during packing or before transportation or storage) physical re-sorting of contaminated commodity e.g. sieving

11. Making regulatory decisions Actions that can be taken in the exporting country (prior to export) Systems approach based on a combination of measures to manage risk to an acceptable level (at least two different measures) (ISPM 14) can include measures at different stages: pre-planting pre-harvest harvest post-harvest treatment and handling transportation and distribution

12. Making regulatory decisions Actions that can be taken in the exporting country and verification on arrival in the importing country Phytosanitary export certification and other compliance measures pre-export inspection as a stand-alone measure for certification import verification inspection of the commodity documentation checks (consignment reconciliation, treatment or testing certificates)

13. Making regulatory decisions Actions that can be taken in the importing country Regulation within the importing country can include regulating the movement of a commodity to a location for further processing e.g. grain import systems. An approval and accreditation system of importers, up- loaders, transporters and storage and processing facilities Grain is controlled from arrival at the border until it has been processed (or milled) into a commodity that is no longer considered to be a phytosanitary risk

14. Making regulatory decisions Offshore verification/foreign inspection activities Verification procedures can occur in the exporting country when there are extenuating circumstances, requiring significant organization and investment. Verification procedures are used to determine traded commodities are compliant with phytosanitary import requirements: inspection and sampling of the commodity inspection of the export documentation testing and diagnostics include auditing activities during production as described previously or pre-export

15. Making regulatory decisions Offshore verification//foreign inspection activities Benefits Risk is addressed offshore in the exporting country On-arrival inspection isn’t necessary, except for document verification Constraints Need qualified/competent inspectors Need authorization from the exporting country to enter premises associated with exports Need diagnostic support where samples need to be taken

16. Making regulatory decisions How to select and decide on the phytosanitary measures? Based on the outcomes of the PRA, the importing country NPPO then needs to select the most appropriate phytosanitary measure and make a decision which to adopt to protect plant health of their territory with minimal interference to international trade.

17. Conclusion PRA is an internationally agreed process to balance level of risk against proportional phytosanitary measures. PRA outcomes inform the level of risk management necessary to protect the importing country’s plant resources, from which appropriate phytosanitary measures should be selected, without having an impediment to trade The decision of which phytosanitary measures to select remains with the importing country NPPO and once made should be transparently communicated to national stakeholders and trading partners

18. Further information For further details: International Plant Protection Convention (FAO, 1997) ISPM 1: Phytosanitary principles for the protection of plants and the application of phytosanitary measures in international trade ISPM 2: Framework for pest risk analysis ISPM 4: Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas ISPM 5: Glossary of phytosanitary terms ISPM 10: Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites ISPM 11: Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests ISPM 14: The use of integrated measures in a systems approach for pest risk management ISPM 18: Guidelines for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure

19. Further information Contact details: IPPC Secretariat AGDI - FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. Tel: +39-06-5705-4812 E-mail: IPPC@fao.org IPPC@fao.org Websites: www.ippc.org; www.ippc.org http://www.phytosanitary.info/