1. The Nature of Psychology

2. Psychology … Greek: psyche – “soul”, logos – “study” Modern: psycho – “mind”, logy – “science” Psychology is the science of mind.

3. The Historical Origins of Psychology Term «psychology» was introduced by German philosopher Ch.Wolff as a science of the psyche. Until the middle of the 19th century, psychology was widely regarded as a branch of philosophy.

4. History of Psychology In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Wundt relied on introspection as a method of studying mental processes.

5. Scientific Schools in Psychology Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Gestalt-psychology Humanistic Psychology

6. Structuralism Established by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. Titchener introduced the term structuralism – meaning the analysis of mental structures – to describe this branch of psychology.

7. Functionalism Was founded by William James and John Dewey and focused on how the mind works in order to serve certain functions in an individual’s environment.

8. Psychoanalytic School Psychoanalysis is a study of human unconsciousness. Z.Freud and his followers А. Adler C.H. Jung E. Erikson E. Fromm

9. Id Ego Superego Superego – principle of obligation (Superego) I must! Id – principle of satisfaction (Id) I want! Ego – principle of reality (Ego) I can!

10. Criticism Pansexualism Determinism Criticism of methods

11. Behaviorism … … is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things which organisms do can and should be regarded as behaviors. Its main influences were Ivan Pavlov, Edward Lee Thorndike, John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Behaviorism formula «Stimulus – Reaction»

12. Behaviorism B.F.Skinner The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis Of Behavior (1938)

13. Gestalt-psychology … is a theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies; or, that the whole is different than the sum of its parts.

14. Gestalt-psychology Max Wertheimer is credited as the founder of the movement Early 20th century theorists, such as Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Köhler saw objects as perceived within an environment according to all of their elements taken together as a global construct.

15. Humanistic psychology… …is a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow

16. Five postulates of Humanistic Psychology Human beings cannot be reduced to components. Human beings have in them a uniquely human context. Human consciousness includes an awareness of oneself in the context of other people. Human beings have choices and non desired responsibilities. Human beings are intentional, they seek meaning, value and creativity.

17. Fields of Psychology Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that studies personality and individual differences. Its areas of focus include: Constructing a coherent picture of a person and his or her major psychological processes Investigating individual differences, that is, how people can differ from one another. Investigating human nature, that is, how all people's behaviour is similar.

18. Fields of Psychology Comparative psychology usually refers to the study of the behavior and mental life of animals other than human beings.

19. Fields of Psychology Developmental psychology is the scientific study of progressive psychological changes that occur in human beings as they age. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence and more recently, adult development, and aging.

20. Fields of Psychology Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

21. Branches of Psychology Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations.

22. Fields of Psychology Medical psychology Clinical psychology Psychotherapy

23. Fields of Psychology Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory and technique of educational and psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits.

24. Psychological Methods Supervision Introspection Free Standard Inside Outside

25. Psychological Methods Survey OralWrittenFreeStandard

26. Psychological Methods Tests Questionnaire Task Projection

27. Psychological Methods Experiment NaturalLaboratory

28. Psychological Methods Modeling Mathematic Modeling Technical Modeling Logic Modeling Cybernetic Modeling

29. Choose the right variant 1. Max Wertheimer is a representative of … a)Behaviorism b)Psychoanalysis c)Gestalt-psychology d)Humanistic psychology

30. Choose the right variant 2. Which branch of psychology integrates somatic and psychotherapeutic modalities into the management of mental illness and emotional, cognitive, behavioral and substance use disorders? a)Educational psychology b)Social psychology c)Comparative psychology d)Medical psychology

31. Choose the right variant 3. Interview and questionnaire are two different forms of … a)Supervision b)Experiment c)Survey d)Tests

32. Choose the right variant 4. Which theory was developed in Vienna in the 1890s by Sigmund Freud? a)Cognitive psychology b)Humanistic psychology c)Psychoanalysis d)Behaviorism

33. Choose the right variant 5. Which psychological school focuses on uniquely human issues, such as the self-actualization, creativity, becoming, and individuality? a)Humanistic psychology b)Cognitive psychology c)Psychoanalytical school d)Gestalt psychology

34. Choose the right variant 6. Who is credited with having founded a new version of psychological science, which has come to be called behavior analysis? a)Ivan Pavlov b)B.F.Skinner c)John B.Watson d)Erich Fromm

35. Choose the right variant 7. When did psychology became a separate science? a)At the beginning of the 20 century b)In the middle of the 19 century c)At the end of the 20 century d)In the Middle Ages