1. Muslim Empires of Asia

2. The Seljuk Empire 1100 C.E. (AD)

4. The Mongol invasion in the 13th century marked the downfall of the Seljuk dynasty, as the Seljuk's of Asia Minor came under the domination of the Mongols in Persia and Iraq. As the Seljuk's slowly faded from the scene, a new group of Turks began to organize themselves in Asia Minor. Named after the Osman family, these Ottoman Turks began raiding Byzantine lands in western Asia Minor in the early 14th century. Before long, the Ottomans had grown into the largest and most powerful Islamic empire, and one of the most powerful empires of any religion, in the world.

5. By 1040 the lands of Central Asia would pass from under the control of the Ghaznavids to that of the Seljuk's. As the immediate forebears of the Ottomans, who would later come to dominate Asia Minor and the Mediterranean, the Seljuk's established the Turks as a unified military force. Until the Seljuk empire provided cohesion to the Turks of Central Asia, the Turks had existed only in separate, nomadic groups. For much of the previous centuries of Islam's presence in Central Asia, Turks had been recruited as slaves for all regions of the Islamic empire. Turks were widely considered within the Islamic world to be superior soldiers, and their slavery was therefore usually in a military capacity. When the Seljuk's unified the Turks of Central Asia, they became a formidable military force, first under the Seljuk's themselves, and later under the Ottomans.

6. The Islamic Empires of 1500 and the spread of Islam in the world

9. The Ottoman Empire

15. Ottoman Trade The Ottoman Empire's economic system revolved around a great amount of trade during the time of Columbus. –Trade was very important to the Ottomans because it brought them two things: money and necessities from other countries that they traded with. –The Ottoman Empire's success had a lot to do with its intelligent economic policies and its strong military constantly conquering other countries and territories. –The success of the military contributed to the economic system, because the more land they conquered the more trade routes and more foreign products for trade.

16. TRADE PRODUCTS FOR THE OTTOMANS: –Spices: sugar, salt, saffron, cumin, ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, mace and pepper. –Drugs: opium, balm of mithridate, arsenic, benjamin (the balsamic resin, benzion), mirobolani (an astringent plum-like fruit), and perfumes. –Textiles: red, green, and blue silk, crimson damask, crimson velvet, camlets, cotton, linens, carpets. –Red and blue dyes –Slaves –Other general luxuries: gold dust, slaves, copper, quicksilver, coral, Chinese porcelain, Lemnian earth, precious stones, pearls, glass trinkets, mirrors, wallpaper, and furs.

17. Ottoman Economic Decline –For the Ottoman Empire economic difficulties began in the 16th century when the Dutch and British completely closed the international trade route through the Middle East. –as a result Ottoman prosperity and economics were disrupted by inflation caused by an unequal amount of trade in the east and west. This lead to people being underpaid and there was more theft, and also the government over taxed the people. Inflation weakened the whole society and economics, especially international trade and traditional ways of making money. there was also a big increase of population during the 16th and 17th centuries. The rise in population caused many conflicts in the economy, including, peasants and other hungry people fled to the larger cities. There was a big food shortage, and peasants also broke the law in order to feed and clothe themselves

18. The Safavid Empire

20. Safavid Empire The Safavid were one of the ruling dynasties of Iran.Iran They ruled one of the greatest Iranian empires since the Islamic conquest of Persia –They established the school of Shi’a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. – This dynasty ruled Iran from 1501/1502 to 1722. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Azerbaijan region of Iran. –From their, the Safavids established control over all of Persia and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, –They became the first native dynasty since the Sassanids to establish a unified Iranian state. Despite their demise in 1736, the Safavids have left their mark down to the present era by establishing and spreading Shi'a Islam, especially in Iran.

21. Safavid Empire The reign of Shah Abbas the Great represented the height of the Safavid Empire. He was a strong ruler who transformed the empire from near-collapse in 1587 to one of the three Great Islamic Empires by 1600. He involved the Safavids in European trade and diplomacy, and he restructured the army to decrease the number of Qizilbash revolts. At the same time, however, Abbas set the empire up for its decline and eventual collapse at the hands of Afghan invaders a century later.

22. Safavid Empire The Safavid Empire was thus a short-lived one, particularly when compared to the long-lived Ottoman Empire. But during its relatively short existence, and particularly during the first century of it, the Safavid Empire established itself as one of Islam's greatest dynasties. Perhaps most significant among its achievements was the widespread conversion of the Persian people to Shi'ism, and thus for the development of the Persian nationalism that remains strong today in Iran.

24. The Mughal Empire The Mughals are the descendants of the Mongols

26. The Mughals invade In the fifteenth century the political condition of India had deteriorated and there was no powerful kingdom in northern India. The last ruling dynasty was that of the Lodis with a considerably weakened position. Such a situation invited invasions from the northwestern borders of India. Babur's invasion and subsequent conquests were indeed its results.

27. Babur Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur founded the Mughal Empire in India. Babur was a descendant of the Timur dynasty. He inherited the small state of Farghana in A.D. 1494. In order to expand his empire and to strengthen his position in central Asia, he invaded India five times.

28. Babur Babur was a complicated, enlightened ruler from Kabul who loved poetry, gardening, and books. He even wrote cultural treatises on the Hindus he conquered, and took notes on local flora and fauna.

29. Humayun Babur's eldest son Humayun succeeded him as the king. The strongest challenge to Humayun came from the Afghan leader, Sher Shah Suri, who defeated Humayun Humayun was forced to spend nearly fifteen years in exile in Persia. During these years Sher Shah Suri's family, known as the Sur dynasty, ruled over North India

30. Akbar In A.D. 1554 Humayun was able to invade India Akbar followed Sher Shah as ruler –At the death of Humayun the fourteen-year- old Akbar was crowned –Akbar launched a policy of conquest and consolidation of the empire for the next forty years of his reign. –Akbar died in A.D. 1605 and was succeeded by his son Jahangir.

31. Jahangir An important event of Jahangir's reign was his marriage to Nur Jahan on whom he conferred the title of 'Nur Mahal' (light of the palace). She was very influential and helped him rule the Kingdom Jahangir, passed the expanding empire to his son Shah Jahan in 1627

32. Shah Jahan Shah Jahan left behind the colossal monuments of the Mughal Empire, including the Taj Majal (his favorite wife's tomb), the Pearl Mosque, the Royal Mosque, and the Red Fort. Shah Jahan's campaigns in the south and his flare for extravagant architecture necessitated increased taxes and distressed his subjects, and under this scenario his son Aurungzeb imprisoned him and took over in 1658.

34. Aurungzeb the Intolerant Aurungzeb wished to eradicate indigenous traditions, and his intolerance prompted fierce local resistance. Though he expanded the empire to include nearly the entire subcontinent, he could never totally subdue the Mahrathas of the Deccan, who resisted him until his death in 1707. Out of the Mahrathas' doggedness arose the legendary figure of Shivaji, a symbol Hindu resistance and nationalism. Aurungzeb's three sons disputed over succession, and the Mughal empire crumbled, just as the Europeans were beginning to flex their own imperialistic muscles.

35. Mughal Contributions major Mughal contribution to the Indian Subcontinent was their unique architecture. Many monuments were built by the Muslim emperors, especially Shah Jahan, during the Mughal era Centralised, imperialistic government which brought together many smaller kingdoms Persian art and culture amalgamated with Indian art and culture For More information of Contributions go to: http://www.edwebproject.org/india/mughals.htmlhttp://www.edwebproject.org/india/mughals.html or see Mr. Days Web Page and click on World History II Internet Resources

36. A Melding of Language and Culture New trade routes to Arab and Turkic lands The Urdu language developed from the Hindi language by borrowing heavily from Persian as well as Arabic and Chaghatai Turkic Urdu developed as a result of the fusion of the Indian and Islamic cultures during the Mughal period. Modern Hindi which uses Sanskrit-based vocabulary along with loan words from Persian and Arabic, is mutually intelligible with Urdu

38. European Trade is Established The English and Dutch were granted 21- year permission of monopoly in the East Indies from the Mughals –The Mughals encouraged the establishment of coastal posts for trade Fifty years later, the competition for trade in the Indian Ocean was increased by the setting up of the French East India Company in 1664

39. European Trading Centers The trade in India was implemented mainly on the coast. –During the 17th century there were two big Islamic empires between Western Europe and the Mughal empire, the Safavid and the Ottoman Empires. –Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire was conducted only by ships. The main trading posts were on the coast of both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal The four main locations in the 17 th century were Calcutta located on the bank of river Hooghly, Bombay and Surat on the Arabian sea coast and Madras or as the British named it Fort St. George, Trade as a tool for the Early World Globalization was very prosperous and profitable for both the European and the Indian merchants.

42. What was traded Silks Spices Gems

45. Demise of the Mughals Two and a half centuries of trade between India and Western Europe led to the downfall of an initially agriculturally-orientated empire with strong military forces and tolerance towards its subjects and their different religious beliefs (with the exception of Aurangzeb). All three of the Asian Islamic empires found either their collapse or a significant weakening by the 19th century. European countries, however, were growing, expanding, developing, coming up with new movements, intentions, technology. Even though they were essentially separated by the Ottoman and Safavid empire, the common interest, the trade, helped Europe to permanently settle into the Indian lands.

46. Influence of Indian textiles on British Textile Industry With Europe’s discovery of the sea route to the East and America, the maximum control of natural resources as well as markets for manufactured products could be attained through gaining title to lands of easily conquerable people. The race was on to colonize the world. India was relatively advanced economically. Its methods of production and its industrial and commercial organization could definitely be compared with those prevailing in Western Europe. In fact, India had been manufacturing and exporting the finest muslins and luxurious fabrics since the time when most western Europeans were backward primitive peoples India undoubtedly had a big influence on the British, right from the start. As far as British textile design was concerned, Indian textiles had been consistently influencing the British home grown market ever since the days of eighteenth century chintz, with imports as well as home-produced, sub- standard, mass produced 'copies'.

47. Influence on England Hand weaving was tedious and paid little, so at first the British purchased much of their cloth from India. India had no need or desire for British products, so imports had to be paid for with gold. –However, Britain did not make the same mistake as Spain; Indian textiles were embargoed and British cloth was produced with the evolving technology of weaving machinery. –After India was conquered, its import and export policies were controlled by Britain, which not only banned Indian textiles from British markets but also taxed them to a disadvantage within India so that British cloth dominated the Indian market. India’s –Controlling India and the seas “entitled” British merchants to buy for a pittance and sell at a high price. Friedrich List points out that the purpose of this control of trade was building Britain’s “productive power”: