2. Definition of Scientific Misconduct Scientific misconduct is fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results. Federal Resistor October 14, 1999

3. Seven Areas of Scientific Dishonesty 1.Plagiarism—using the ideas, writings, and drawings of others as your own 2.Fabrication and falsification—making up or altering data 3.Statistics – Can you manipulate data to say anything you wish? 4.Non-publication of data, also called “cooking data” 5.Faulty data-gathering procedures 6.Poor data storage and retention

4. Other ethical concerns Not reporting undesirable or “non-significant” results. Does non-significance make the research project of no value ?? Copying research questions / ideas from colleagues Misuse of grant funding, university funding, or university facilities Tampering with experiments or instrumentation Non-reporting of misconduct

5. Seven Areas of Scientific Dishonesty 6.Misleading authorship—who should be an author? –Technicians do not necessarily become joint authors. –Authorship should involve only those who contribute directly. –Discuss authorship before the project!

6. Seven Areas of Scientific Dishonesty 7.Sneaky publication practices –Joint publication Graduate student and faculty Two or more graduate students Two or more faculty members Publishing similar manuscripts using the same data –Authorship of a thesis

7. Model for Considering Scientific Misconduct Scientific misconduct  Sanctions Scientific mistakes  Remedial activities Causes of scientific misconduct –Pressure to publish –Need to complete graduate work –Desire to continue funding –Desire for academic rewards

8. Ethics Principles - Human Subjects - Belmont Report, 1979 Developed from Nuremberg code of 1947 Respect for Persons individuals should be treated as autonomous agents capable of making their own decisions regarding pros & cons of research persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. Beneficence risks should be minimized and proportionate to anticipated benefits Justice both benefits and risks of research should be distributed fairly selection of subjects should be both representative and fair Ethics in Research "As to diseases, make a habit of two things--to help, or at least do no harm.” -- Hypocrites, The Epidemics ---

9. Ethics in Research Implications of the Belmont Report Informed consent must be give by all subjects informed consent must be obtained and confidentiality must be protected IC must contain information, comprehension, voluntariness research protocol explained to subjects in comprehensible "lay terms" participation must be truly voluntary - no coercion or undue influence Systematic assessment of Risk vs. Benefits Brutal or Inhuman treatment of humans NEVER justified Risks should be maximally reduced (can animals be used?) When risk is significant, panels should carefully examine risks vs benefits Overwhelming voluntariness should also be considered Selection of Subjects Selection Injustice: Selecting the disadvantaged, institutionalized, racial minorities Who receives the benefits ? Does it balance with who bears the burdens?

10. Protecting Human Participants What should human research participants expect? –Right to privacy or nonparticipation –Right to remain anonymous –Right to confidentiality –Right to experimenter responsibility

11. Elements of Informed Consent (From RQES) A fair explanation of the procedures to be followed, including identification of those that are experimental A description of the attendant discomforts and risks A description of the benefits to be expected A disclosure of appropriate alternative procedures that would be advantageous for the participant An offer to answer any inquiries concerning the procedures An instruction that the participant is free to withdraw at any time

12. Use of Animals in Research Animals have been essential for every advance in medicine.—Clifford Barger, MD, Harvard Medical School Animal research has contributed to virtually eliminating many infectious diseases, including polio, rheumatic fever, typhoid fever, and scarlet fever. 18-22 million vertebrates are used each year in research, education, and testing—less than 1% of the number killed for food.

13. Use of Animals in Research Two thirds of the dogs and cats used in animal research come from shelters; for every one used in research, 100 are killed for lack of a home. Two thirds of the research projects that lead to the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine involved animal experiments.

14. Example: Plagiarism In preparing her thesis introduction, Graduate Assistant Christina periodically takes multiple sentences verbatim from some of her sources (her attitude is, “I couldn’t have written it better myself”). Is she wrong to do this? If she provides a reference to her sources at the end of the paragraph, is she still wrong?

15. Fabrication or Falsification of Data Professor Wade has strength-training data on 20 elderly participants. As he was madly processing his data to meet the ACSM abstract deadline, he realized that the sample did not show a significant increase in strength. Examining his data more closely revealed that 15 participants did improve, but 5 did not. He decided that they must not have adhered to the training, so he dropped them and now has a significant increase in strength.

16. Fabrication or Falsification of Data Has Professor Wade acted ethically? How long should you keep your data for others to see? Are you obligated to provide your data on request?

17. Authorship Professor Conan Barbarian is an icon in the field of gerontology. He is the director of the Institute of Gerontological Research at Jellystone University, a highly funded research lab with lots of graduate students. Professor Barbarian requires that he be listed as an author on all manuscripts based on research completed in his lab. Is Professor Barbarian justified in his demand, or is this an example of “ego gone wild?”