1. Unit 4 : A United and Divided Nation (1824-1853) AMERICA EXPANDS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19 TH CENTURY

2. THE AGE OF JACKSON: SECTION 1

3. Election of 1824 4 way race for President for D-R – J.Q. Adams, H. Clay, A. Jackson, W. Crawford – All ran as Dem-Rep. Jackson won the popular vote but… – No one had electoral majority J.Q. Adams H. Clay Jackson Crawford

4. Election of 1824 House of Reps. deadlocked Clay makes a deal with JQA to throw the votes to JQA if he chooses Clay to become Sec. of State JQA makes the deal and he becomes President Jackson calls the deal a “corrupt bargain”

5. Results of the 1824 Election A “Corrupt Bargain?”

6. Increased Democratization between 1824-1828  White male suffrage increased  No more land requirement to vote  Party nominating committees.  Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors.  Rise of Third Parties.  Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)  Two-party system returned in the 1828 election:  National Republicans  Jacksonian-Democrats (1828)

7. Election of 1828 JQA ran for Republicans Jackson ran for Democrats Jackson wins in a huge landslide

8. 1828 Election Results

9. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY As part of his political philosophy, Jackson sought to grant political power to the common people Called The Spoils System or Jacksonian Democracy, Jackson hired his own supporters to replace the previous administration’s staff Jackson gave away many jobs to his friends and political allies

10. Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man”  Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege.  His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”  Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

11. Indian Removal Jackson’s Goal? o Move Native Americans off land in order for settlement 1830  Indian Removal Act o Native Americans to be moved to Oklahoma Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) o “domestic dependent nation” o Native Americans were “wards” of the federal government

12. INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830

13. Georgia trying to move Cherokee off lands Worcester sues in order for tribe to remain Marshall states that only the federal government can move them not the states Cherokee can remain Samuel Worcester Worcester v. Georgia 1832

14. Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it! Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it! Jackson orders the US army to relocate the Native Americans to Oklahoma = Trail of Tears

15. Indian Removal

16. TARIFF OF “ABOMINATIONS” In 1824 and again in 1828, Congress increased the Import Tariff of 1816 Southerners called the 1828 Tariff, “a Tariff of Abominations,” and blamed it for economic problems in the South THE NORTH THE SOUTH TARIFFS

17. South Carolina Nullification Crisis VP Calhoun resigns in 1832 SC nullified tariffs of 1828 and 1832 – Jackson is FURIOUS Jackson passes Force Bill (1833) – Use federal army and navy against SC to enforce laws Henry Clay (“The Great Compromiser”) proposes a bill to lower the tariff in February of 1933 Crisis ends “Ill hang that treasonous Calhoun” - Andrew Jackson

18. Jackson vs. Bank of the United States Bank’s charter up for renewal in 1836 Jackson hated the Bank of U.S. – All federal tax revenues deposited in it – Only elite made money off of it – Called it a “MONSTER”

19. Jackson vs. Bank of the United States Jackson refused to renew the charter and vetoed an extension in 1832 Federal money put into “pet banks” – State banks

20. Jackson Killing the “Monster”

21. The Downfall of “Monster Bank”

22. An 1832 Cartoon: “King Andrew”? An 1832 Cartoon: “King Andrew”?

23. Legacy of Jackson Whig Party Forms (1832) – Anti-Jackson Party

24. The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

25. PANIC OF 1837 In 1836, Democrat Martin Van Buren won the Presidency In 1837 a panic set in and many banks closed, accounts went bankrupted, and unemployment soared MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841

26. HARRISON & TYLER Whig William Henry Harrison defeated Democrat Van Buren in the election of 1840 Harrison, known as “Tippecanoe” for a battle he won against natives, died a month into his term His VP, John Tyler became president HARRISON 1841 TYLER 1841-1845

27. REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY: SECTION 2 The Second Great Awakening spread Christianity through revival meetings These and other religions became the impetus for reforming society RALPH WALDO EMERSON

28. TURNER’S REBELLION The vast majority of African- Americans were enslaved in the South and were subjected to constant degradation Some rebelled against their condition Most famous revolt was led by Virginia slave Nat Turner Turner led 50 followers in a revolt killing 60 whites – he was caught and executed Turner plans his rebellion

29. THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT 1820s: Abolitionist movement to free African Americans from slavery arose Leader was a white radical named William Lloyd Garrison Abolitionist called for immediate emancipation of all slaves

30. FREDERICK DOUGLASS: AFRICAN AMERICAN LEADER Freed slave, Frederick Douglass escaped from bandage and became an eloquent abolitionist (critic of slavery) leader He began an anti-slavery newspaper called, Northstar – named after the star that guided runaway slaves to freedom

31. WOMEN AND REFORM From abolition to education, women worked actively in all reform movements Throughout the 1800s opportunity for women to become educated increased 1833: Oberlin College became first coed institution

32. WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT EMERGES Reform movements of the 19 th century spurred the development of a Women’s movement For example, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott had both been ardent abolitionists In 1848, more than 300 women participated in a Women’s Right convention in Seneca Falls, N.Y.

33. Two pioneers in women’s rights: Elizabeth Cady Stanton (left) and Susan B. Anthony

34. The Reform Era - Temperance Temperance Movement  movement to reduce the use of alcoholic beverages  alcohol linked to sickness, poverty, and breakup of families  by the mid 1800s, many states outlaw alcohol

35. The Reform Era – Prison Reform 1831: French writer Alexis de Tocqueville visits prison in the U.S.  …”U.S. gives the most extended liberty… prisons in the U.S. offer the spectacle of the most complete despotism” Dorothea Dix was the greatest reformer for prisoners and the mentally ill.  wanted to create separate facilities for both  by the time of her death, 100 facilities were established in the U.S.

36. The Reform Era - Education Education reformers wanted to improve public schools.  no attendance requirement (except for Ma. and Vt.)  schools not divided by grade levels Greatest reform leader in education was Horace Mann  established teacher training programs  improved curriculum  doubled money Massachusetts spent on schools 1 st Public University – UNC Chapel Hill - 1795

37. Transcendentalism & Utopianism Transcendentalist Movement  A philosophical & literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrating truth found in nature. Two leading transcendentalists were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.  Both believed that people should be self- reliant and trust their intuition.

38. Transcendentalism & Utopianism Henry David Thoreau  People should act according to their own beliefs even if it meant breaking the law  Civil Disobedience: Peacefully refusing to obey the law (Ex. Martin Luther King Jr. and Gandhi)  Went to jail for refusing to pay taxes to government because government allowed slavery and fighting war with Mexico.

39. Transcendentalism & Nationalism in Literature Nathaniel Hawthorne: Scarlet Letter Washington Irving: Legend of Sleepy Hollow Noah Webster: American Dictionary Edgar Allen Poe: The Raven James Fenimore Cooper: Last of the Mohicans

40. What is Manifest Destiny? First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845.  First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. The belief that America had the god given right to expand the U.S.’s borders from “sea to shining sea”  The belief that America had the god given right to expand the U.S.’s borders from “sea to shining sea” by John Gast, 1872

41.  When? - 1776  From Where? - Great Britain  Why? - U.S. declared independence Original 13 Colonies

42.  When? - 1803  From Where? - France  Why? - Napoleon needed the money **Effect: - U.S. doubles size Louisiana Purchase

43.  When? - 1819  From Where? - Spain  Why? - Andrew Jackson invaded Adams-Onis Treaty

44. Overland Immigration to the West 250,000  Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.

45. The Oregon Trail (1840s)

46. The Oregon Trail  Started in Independence, Missouri  Ended in Portland, Oregon  Traveled by wheeled covered Conestoga Wagons  Took 4-6 months  Many people died  Started in Independence, Missouri  Ended in Portland, Oregon  Traveled by wheeled covered Conestoga Wagons  Took 4-6 months  Many people died

47. The Oregon Trail

48. The Doomed Donner Party April, 1846 – April, 1847

49. The Doomed Donner Party James Reed & Wife Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen  Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California! CANNIBALISM ! CANNIBALISM !

50. Oregon Territory WWWWhen? - 1846 FFFFrom Where? - Great Britain WWWWhy? - President Polk wanted to annex Oregon Territory - want 54o 40’ (or Fight) BUT settled for 49th parallel

51. Mormons to Utah  1846-1857  Joseph Smith leads Mormons from NY to Nauvoo, Illinois 1839  People angry about Mormon polygamy  Smith put in jail in 1844 and murdered  Brigham Young leads Mormons to Utah  1846-1857  Joseph Smith leads Mormons from NY to Nauvoo, Illinois 1839  People angry about Mormon polygamy  Smith put in jail in 1844 and murdered  Brigham Young leads Mormons to Utah

52. Expansion in Texas CCHSCCHS

53. Mexico Under Spanish Rule ◊Spain controlled Mexico for 300 years ◊1821: Mexico wins their independence from Spain ◊Spain controlled Mexico for 300 years ◊1821: Mexico wins their independence from Spain

54. Americans in Mexican Texas ◊Americans are invited to the region of Tejas by the Mexican government in 1821  Empressarios (land grant agents) offer land to U.S. settlers  13 cents/acre ◊MAD DASH TO MEXICO!!!  made by Americans & Europeans ◊Americans are invited to the region of Tejas by the Mexican government in 1821  Empressarios (land grant agents) offer land to U.S. settlers  13 cents/acre ◊MAD DASH TO MEXICO!!!  made by Americans & Europeans

55. Stephen F. Austin ◊Most successful empresario  gathered 300 families to move to Texas (Old Three Hundred)  they were exempt from paying taxes and received 177 acres ◊By 1830, 20,000 Americans moved to Texas ◊Most successful empresario  gathered 300 families to move to Texas (Old Three Hundred)  they were exempt from paying taxes and received 177 acres ◊By 1830, 20,000 Americans moved to Texas

56. U.S. Offers to Buy Texas ◊U.S. slogan: “Go to Texas” ◊Americans wanting to extend U.S. boundaries to the Rio Grande River ◊John Quincy Adams offers Mexico $1 million ◊Andrew Jackson offers Mexico $5 million ◊Mexico refuses  regrets encouraging Americans to settle there ◊U.S. slogan: “Go to Texas” ◊Americans wanting to extend U.S. boundaries to the Rio Grande River ◊John Quincy Adams offers Mexico $1 million ◊Andrew Jackson offers Mexico $5 million ◊Mexico refuses  regrets encouraging Americans to settle there

57. Conflict with Mexico ◊Mexico begins to enforce their laws on white settlers in Texas ◊Mexican general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna becomes dictator in Mexico  he intends to drive Americans out of Texas ◊Santa Anna has Stephen F. Austin arrested for promoting revolution  rebellions break out ◊Mexico begins to enforce their laws on white settlers in Texas ◊Mexican general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna becomes dictator in Mexico  he intends to drive Americans out of Texas ◊Santa Anna has Stephen F. Austin arrested for promoting revolution  rebellions break out Santa Anna

58. Texans Take Action ◊December 1835 - Texans occupied San Antonio and take up positions in an old Spanish mission called Alamo ◊December 1835 - Texans occupied San Antonio and take up positions in an old Spanish mission called Alamo

59. The Alamo

60. Siege at The Alamo ◊February 23 rd, 1836  Santa Anna laid siege to the Alamo ◊Texans poorly equipped  less than 200 vs. 6,000 Mexican troops ◊Texans declared independence for the Republic of Texas on March 2, 1836.  during the siege ◊Santa Anna and his men swarm the garrison  187 Texans die  including Jim Bowie, Davy Crockett and Commander William Travis ◊February 23 rd, 1836  Santa Anna laid siege to the Alamo ◊Texans poorly equipped  less than 200 vs. 6,000 Mexican troops ◊Texans declared independence for the Republic of Texas on March 2, 1836.  during the siege ◊Santa Anna and his men swarm the garrison  187 Texans die  including Jim Bowie, Davy Crockett and Commander William Travis William Travis

61. Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

62. Texan Independence ◊Sam Houston made Commander of Texan Army ◊Battle of San Jacinto:  Battle Cry of “ Remember the Alamo”  The battle lasted only 18 minutes.  Texans killed 630 Mexican troops and captured 700 more. ◊The day after the Battle of San Jacinto, the Texans captured Santa Anna and made him sign a treaty granting Texas independence ◊The day after the Battle of San Jacinto, the Texans captured Santa Anna and made him sign a treaty granting Texas independence. ◊Sam Houston made Commander of Texan Army ◊Battle of San Jacinto:  Battle Cry of “ Remember the Alamo”  The battle lasted only 18 minutes.  Texans killed 630 Mexican troops and captured 700 more. ◊The day after the Battle of San Jacinto, the Texans captured Santa Anna and made him sign a treaty granting Texas independence ◊The day after the Battle of San Jacinto, the Texans captured Santa Anna and made him sign a treaty granting Texas independence. Sam Houston

63. Battle of San Jacinto

64. Treaty of Velasco ◊May 14 th, 1836 ◊Texas becomes an independent country ◊Sam Houston becomes president of Texas - Texas referred to as “The Lone Star Republic” ◊1838: Texas asks U.S. to be annexed  issue of slavery (sectionalism) will keep Texas out of U.S. until 1845 ◊Texas will continue to dispute boundary with Mexico ◊May 14 th, 1836 ◊Texas becomes an independent country ◊Sam Houston becomes president of Texas - Texas referred to as “The Lone Star Republic” ◊1838: Texas asks U.S. to be annexed  issue of slavery (sectionalism) will keep Texas out of U.S. until 1845 ◊Texas will continue to dispute boundary with Mexico

65. Treaty of Velasco

66. 9-4: The War with Mexico Mr. King CCHS

67. Factors Leading to War Manifest Destiny  President Polk’s drive to expand Annexation of Texas - 1845  border dispute… Nueces River or Rio Grande River?

68. Gen. Zachary Taylor Gen. Santa Anna * First battle of the war.

69. Attitudes Toward War South: In favor of War!  extend slavery  increase power in Congress  counter Wilmot Proviso (1846- proposed amendment prohibiting slavery in lands gained from Mexico) North: Against the War!  viewed as plot to extend slavery  Abraham Lincoln against the war  Henry David Thoreau: refused to pay taxes to support the war and wrote his famous Civil Disobedience Congressman David Wilmot (D-PA)

70. The U.S. declared war on Mexico in 1846, shortly after annexing Texas. Mexican War – The Beginning

71. During the War…  June 15, 1846: Am. citizens led a revolt similar to Texans to seize town of Sonoma, Ca.  Bear Flag of the California Republic  Captain John C. Freemont helps California stay out of Mexican hands  June 15, 1846: Am. citizens led a revolt similar to Texans to seize town of Sonoma, Ca.  Bear Flag of the California Republic  Captain John C. Freemont helps California stay out of Mexican hands

72. During the War…  February 22, 1847: Battle of Buena Vista  U.S.: Zachary Taylor w/ 4,600  Mexico: Santa Anna w/ 20,000  February 22, 1847: Battle of Buena Vista  U.S.: Zachary Taylor w/ 4,600  Mexico: Santa Anna w/ 20,000  Taylor holds his ground  uses this as his presidential campaign in 1848

73. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Mexico gave up areas of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and part of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Wyoming  U. S. gave Mexico $18,250,000 ($461,000,000 today) and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Mexico gave up areas of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and part of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Wyoming  U. S. gave Mexico $18,250,000 ($461,000,000 today) and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).

74. The Mexican Cession

75. Forty-Niners Headed to California 1849 – discovery of gold in California

76. California Gold Rush, 1849 49er’s

77. Gadsden’s Purchase  When? - 1853  From Where? - Mexico  Why? - U.S. wanted to build railroad thru build railroad thru that area… paid that area… paid Mexico $10 million Mexico $10 million

78. UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY