1. Contract: EIE/07/069/SI2.466698 Duration: October 2007 – March 2010Version: July 7, 2009 Calculation of the integrated energy performance of buildings EN 15316: Heating systems in buildings Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies Part 4-1: Space heating generation systems, combustion systems (boilers) Part 4-4 : Heat generation systems in buildings, building integrated cogeneration systems Part 4-7: Space heating generation systems, biomass combustion systems

2. FITTING INTO THE CALCULATION SCHEME slide 2

3. slide 3 BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE CALCULATION HEATING SYSTEM GENERATION SYSTEMS

4. Calculation principles Objective: to calculate fuel and auxiliary energy consumption to fulfill the heat demand of the attached distribution subsystem(s) Basic input data: heat required by the attached distribution sub-system(s) Q H,dis,in The calculation method takes into account heat losses (flue gas, envelope, etc.) auxiliary energy use and recovery other input data : –location of the heat generator(s) (heated room, unheated room,..) –operating conditions (time schedule, water temperature, etc.) –control strategy (on/off, multistage, modulating, cascading, etc.) Basic outputs is delivered energy as: fuel consumption E H,gen,in auxiliary energy consumption W H,gen,aux slide 4

5. Generation subsystem simplified energy balance slide 5 TOTAL LOSSES AND RECOVERABLE LOSSES GLOBAL BALANCE TOTAL & RECOVERED AUXILIARY ENERGY

6. Biomass boiler Generation subsystem simplified energy balance slide 6 TOTAL LOSSES AND RECOVERABLE LOSSES GLOBAL BALANCE TOTAL & RECOVERED AUXILIARY ENERGY 147 8 6 2 53 3 50

7. slide 7 Boiler directive data ???

8. Available methods Case specific –Based on data declared according to Directive 2002/92/CE –Primarily intended for new or recent boilers for which this data is available Boiler cycling –Primarily intended for existing systems and condensing boilers Tabulated (precaculated) values –Simplification to cover common case and avoid calculation burden to estimate simple repetitive cases slide 8

9. Case specific method calculation procedure Get performance data in standard conditions at 3 reference power levels –Efficiencies at 100% and 30% load (according to Directive 92/42/EC) –Stand-by losses power [W] at 0% load Correct data to take into account actual operating conditions (basically, the effect of water temperature in the boiler) Calculate losses power at 30% and 100% from corrected efficiencies Calculate losses at actual load by linear interpolation Use the same interpolation approach (based on data at 0…30%...100% load) for auxiliary energy calculation slide 9

10. slide 10 1 - TEST DATA AT REFERENCE CONDITIONS 2 - CORRECTED DATA AT ACTUAL OPERATING CONDITIONS 3 – ACTUAL LOAD 4 – ACTUAL LOSSES

11. slide 11 Boiler directive data ???

12. Sample seasonal boiler performance method based on system typology (typology method) This method of calculation is applicable only to boilers for which the full load efficiency and the 30 % part load efficiency values, obtained by the methods deemed to satisfy Council Directive 92/42/EEC about Boiler Efficiency [1], are available. These are net efficiency values (higher efficiency values, referenced to the lower heat value of fuels). It is essential that both test results are available and that the tests are appropriate to the type of boiler as defined in Council Directive 92/42/EEC about Boiler Efficiency [1], otherwise the calculation cannot proceed. slide 12

13. Sample seasonal boiler performance method based on system typology (typology method) The steps are as follows: a) Determine fuel for boiler type. The fuel for boiler type must be one of natural gas, LPG (butane or propane) or oil (kerosene or gas oil). b) Obtain test data. Retrieve the full-load net efficiency η Pn,net and 30 % part-load net efficiency η Pint,net test results. Tests must have been carried out using the same fuel as the fuel for boiler type. c) Reduce to maximum net efficiency values η Pn,net,max and η Pint,net,max. Table A.1 gives the maximum values of net efficiency depending on the type of boiler. Reduce any higher net efficiency test values to the appropriate value given in Table A.1. slide 13

14. slide 14 Sample seasonal boiler performance method based on system typology (typology method)

15. slide 15 Sample seasonal boiler performance method based on system typology (typology method)

16. Additional default data for condensing boilers slide 16

17. slide 17 Sample seasonal boiler performance method based on system typology (typology method)

18. slide 18 Sample seasonal boiler performance method based on system typology (typology method)

19. Boiler cycling generation energy balance slide 19 CALCULATION START DISTRIBUTION NEED CALCULATION RESULT FUEL & AUXILIARY LOSSES BOILER BURNER

20. Boiler cycling method For single stage burners, the calculation interval is divided into two basic operating conditions, with different specific losses: –Burner ON time, with flue gas and envelope losses –Burner OFF time, with draught and envelope losses Loss factors are given as a percentage of combustion power (input to the boiler) Loss factors are corrected according to operating conditions (water temperature in the boiler, load factor) The required input load factor to meet output requirement is calculated Modulating and multistage boilers are taken into account with a third reference state: burner ON at minimum power Condensation heat recovery is taken into account as a reduction of flue gas losses with burner ON slide 20

21. slide 21 BOILER CYCLING METHOD: LOSSES WITH BURNER ON Envelope α ge  2% (0,5…5%) Chimney α ch,on  10% (3…15%)

22. slide 22 BOILER CYCLING METHOD: LOSSES WITH BURNER OFF Envelope α ge  2% (0,5…5%) Chimney α ch,off  1% (0,2…3%)

23. slide 23 BOILER CYCLING METHOD: EFFECT OF INTERMITTENCY

24. Modulating boilers slide 24 ON-OFF OPERATION @ MINIMUM POWER CONTINUOUS OPERATION AT AVERAGE POWER BURNER LOAD BOILER LOAD

25. slide 25 BOILER CYCLING METHOD: LOSSES WITH BURNER ON AT MINIMUM POWER (MODULATING AND MULTI STAGE BURNERS) MINIMUM POWER IS THE SET VALUE (TYPICALLY 25…50% OF MAX. POWER) Envelope α ge  2% (0,5…5%) Chimney α ch,on,MIN  8% (1…12%)

26. Condensing boiler slide 26 Condensing boiler. The furnace is in the high temperature upper part of the boiler Condensing counter-current heat exchanger Flue gases cool-down whilst doming down Return water heats up whilst coming up. Condensate falls on the bottom to be discharged 2…8 °C to 10…60 °C @ min..max burner power

27. Flue gas temperature slide 27 RETURN WATER TEMPERATURE HEATING SYSTEM OPERATING CONDITIONS FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE and composition  CONDENSATION BOILER EFFECT : INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE FROM WATER TO FLUE GAS

28. Why 3 methods No single method is the correct solution for all cases. A too simple method may not be able to show the effect of improvements whilst A detailed method may be time wasting for common repetitive situations. –The boiler typology method aims to extreme simplicity. –The case specific method is meant to use as far as possible boiler directive data. –The boiler cycling method is meant to deal with existing boilers/buildings, to keep a connection with directly measurable parameters (flue gas analysis) and to calculate operating performances of condensing boilers. slide 28

29. Parametering the methods Required data and default data for common situations are included in the annexes Annex A: example of typology method Annex B: default data for case specific method Annex C: default data for boiler cycling method Annex E, F & G: calculation examples Default data can be adjusted through a national annex. slide 29

30. Contract: EIE/07/069/SI2.466698 Duration: October 2007 – March 2010Version: July 7, 2009 Calculation of the integrated energy performance of buildings EN 15316-4-4 : Heat generation systems in buildings, building integrated cogeneration systems

31. slide 31 Combined heat and power CHP = combined production of heat and electrical power. The combined production can result in high yields. Micro-CHP is defined as all cogeneration installations with an electric capacity < 50 kW. The standard treats only building integrated units which are heat-led.

32. slide 32

33. slide 33 Scope of the standard Method for assessing the energy performance of combined heat and power systems in buildings for space heating and/or domestic hot water. Method may be applied for: Determining energy performance of a combined heat and power system, Judging compliance with regulations expressed in terms of energy targets, Optimisation of energy performance of a planned system, Assessing the effect of energy conservations measures on an existing system. Only the calculation method and input parameters are normative. All values should be given in national annexes. The framework for the calculation is described in EN 15603

34. slide 34 Principle of the method The operation mode and the heating demand of the building(s) determine the total heat to be supplied by the CHP unit. This excludes any dumped heat. Two possible operation modes: The cogeneration unit supplies base load of the installation. The cogeneration unit is acting as a boiler substitute. T flow time Base load Boiler substitute

35. slide 35 Principle of the method Besides heat demand, at least the following factors are to be taken into account: - water temperature (return/flow) - start/stop effects - part load operation - air inlet temperature Heat demand of the space heating system: - Required space heating needs (EN ISO 13790) - Thermal losses from space heating emission (EN 15316-2-1) - Thermal losses from space heating distribution (EN 15316-2-3) Heat demand the domestic hot water system: - Required energy for domestic hot water needs (EN 15316-3-1) - Thermal losses from domestic hot water distribution (EN 15316-3-2) - Generation (storage losses)(EN 15316-3-3)

36. slide 36 Description of the method Two possible methods depending on operation mode: The ‘fractional contribution’ method CHP unit supplies only base load Only full load characteristics are important The ‘annual load profile’ method The CHP unit acts as a boiler substitute, providing (nearly) all heat Performance characteristics over the full load range, including part load conditions, must be known Cogeneration unit is assumed to be heat-led so there is no dumped heat

37. slide 37 Description of the method fractional contribution method The calculation method comprises the following steps: Determine annual heating needs to be supplied by the cogeneration installation Determine annual efficiency of cogeneration unit from test results Calculate annual fuel input for the cogeneration installation by dividing heat to be supplied by the annual efficiency: Annual system thermal loss of the cogeneration installation Annual electricity output of the cogeneration installation

38. slide 38 Description of the method annual load profile method The calculation method comprises the following steps: Determining the energy performance for full range of load conditions Determining the annual load profile Annual heat output of the cogeneration installation Annual fuel input for the cogeneration installation Electricity output of the cogeneration installation Annual average thermal efficiency of the cogeneration installation Annual system thermal loss of the cogeneration installation So the method is rather similar to fractional contribution method. The main difference is in the first two steps, the energy performance over the full range of conditions and the annual load profile. This needs to be accounted for because the performance of a CHP unit varies strongly under part load conditions.

39. slide 39 Description of the method annual load profile method Both thermal and electrical efficiency are strongly dependent on proportion of full load. For very low loads the electric efficiency approaches 0%. Therefore, an annual load profile has to made, giving operation time per bin. Multiplying the load profile with performance characteristics over the full load range gives annual performance of the CHP unit.

40. slide 40 Description of the method annual load profile method

41. slide 41 Description of the method annual load profile method

42. More than 1 generator? slide 42

43. BR06 Boiler Olie-kedler skal have en nyttevirkning på mindst 91 % ved CE-mærkning ved både dellast og fuldlast. Gas-kedler skal have en nyttevirkning ved Cemærkning på mindst 96 % ved fuldlast og 104 % ved 30 % dellast. Kedler til fyring med biobrændsel og biomasse skal have en virkningsgrad, der opfylder kedelklasse 3 i DS/EN 303-5. Direkte elopvarmning indgår med en vægtningsfaktor på 2,5. slide 43