1. Pesticides and Pest Control G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 20 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 20

2. Objectives:  Identify the types and regulation of pesticides.  Evaluate the pros and cons of using pesticides.  Describe integrated pest management.

3. Pests  Compete with humans for food  Invade lawns and gardens  Destroy wood in houses  Spread disease  Are a nuisance  May be controlled by natural enemies

4. Pesticides: Types  Chemicals that kill undesirable organisms  Insecticides - DDT  Herbicides – 2,4-D; atrazine, glyphsophate  Fungicides  Rodenticides

5. First Generation Pesticides  Natural substances  Sulfur, lead, arsenic, mercury  Plant extracts: nicotine, pyrethrum  Plant extracts are degradable

6. Second Generation Pesticides  Primarily synthetic organic compounds  630 biologically-active compounds  Broad-spectrum agents  Narrow-spectrum agents  Target species

7. The Case for Pesticides  Save lives  Increase supplies and lower cost  Better and faster than alternatives  Health risks may be insignificant compared to benefits  Newer pesticides safer  New pesticides are used at lower rates

8. The Case Against Pesticides  Genetic resistance  Kill control species (nontarget)  Increase in other pest species  Pesticide treadmill  Mobility  Harm wildlife  Human health threats 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1950196019701980199020002010 Year Number of species Boll weevilGypsy moth caterpillar Insects and mites Weeds Plant disea ses

9. Characteristics of an Ideal Pesticide  Kill only target  Harm no other species  Break down quickly  No genetic resistance  Be more cost-effective than doing nothing

10. Pesticide Regulation in the United States  Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)  Tolerance levels  EPA Evaluation of chemicals  Inadequate and poorly enforced  Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)

11. Integrated Pest Management  Ecosystem approach  Economic threshold  Field monitoring  Biological agents  Pesticides are last resort

12. Biological Components of IPM  Genetically-resistant plants  Biological pest control  Insect birth control  Hormones and pheromones

13. Goal of IPM Fig. 20-6 p. 520

14. Objectives:  Identify the types and regulation of pesticides.  Evaluate the pros and cons of using pesticides.  Describe integrated pest management.