1. Adolescence The transition period from childhood to adulthood.

2. Is adolescence getting longer or shorter?

3. Physical Development Average height from childhood to adolescence Average height from childhood to adolescence Different for males and females Different for males and females Childhood: boys tend to be slightly taller than girls Childhood: boys tend to be slightly taller than girls Puberty: sexual maturation and rapid physical changes Puberty: sexual maturation and rapid physical changes Puberty begins earlier for females (11) than males (13), causing females to be slightly taller than males through the early years of puberty Puberty begins earlier for females (11) than males (13), causing females to be slightly taller than males through the early years of puberty

4. Physical Development It all begins with puberty… It all begins with puberty… Puberty: the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. Puberty: the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

5. Sexual Characteristics Primary: Primary: The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible (reproductive organs and external genitalia) The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible (reproductive organs and external genitalia) Secondary (non- reproductive traits): Secondary (non- reproductive traits): Females Females Ahem… Ahem… J-Lo’s hips J-Lo’s hips Males Males Deepening of voice Deepening of voice Body hair Body hair

6. Puberty – Sexual Characteristics

7. Puberty Sequence is way more predictable than the timing. How might timing differences affect an adolescent socially?

8. Puberty How does the age at which an adolescent reaches maturity affect an adolescent’s social development? How does the age at which an adolescent reaches maturity affect an adolescent’s social development? Boys who mature early: social advantage, become leaders, sports stars, more confidence Boys who mature early: social advantage, become leaders, sports stars, more confidence Girls who mature early: often feel embarrassed, tend to date older boys, often have a difficult time w/ boys their own ages Girls who mature early: often feel embarrassed, tend to date older boys, often have a difficult time w/ boys their own ages Boys who mature late: social disadvantage, more likely to be picked on, feelings of inferiority Boys who mature late: social disadvantage, more likely to be picked on, feelings of inferiority Girls who mature late: tend to be less quarrelsome and bossy, get along with peers more easily Girls who mature late: tend to be less quarrelsome and bossy, get along with peers more easily

9. Brain Development Until puberty, neurons increase their connections. However, at adolescence, selective pruning of the neurons begins. Unused neuronal connections are lost to make other pathways more efficient.

10. Frontal Cortex During adolescence, neurons in the frontal cortex grow myelin, which speeds up nerve conduction. The frontal cortex lags behind the limbic system’s development. Hormonal surges and the limbic system may explain occasional teen impulsiveness. Read “The Wild World of a Teen Brain” article for more information about why you guys are so wacko. http://www.time.com/time/ magazine/article/0,9171,99 4126,00.html Also see the end of this powerpoint for a link to a PBS special called “Inside the Teenage Brain” – good stuff, good stuff.

11. Is 16 too young to drive a car? Remember that the frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions like setting priorities, suppressing impulses, and weighing the consequences of one’s actions. Knowing that the prefrontal cortex is the last part of the brain to develop fully, should we raise the driving age? Advantages? Disadvantages?

12. Cognitive Development Have the ability to reason but… Have the ability to reason but… The reasoning is self-focused. Assume that their experiences are unique. According to Piaget, adolescents can handle abstract problems, i.e., they can perform formal operations. Adolescents can judge good from evil, truth and justice, and think about God in deeper terms. Adolescents…

13. Dr. David Elkind on Egocentrism One of Piaget’s students who claims that each stage of mental development is characterized by its own kind of egocentrism. One of Piaget’s students who claims that each stage of mental development is characterized by its own kind of egocentrism. Sensorimotor – object permanence (“if I can’t see it, it isn’t there”) Sensorimotor – object permanence (“if I can’t see it, it isn’t there”) Preoperational – inability to take the perspective of another person Preoperational – inability to take the perspective of another person Concrete – cognitive conceit (“adults are stupid, I am smart”). Enjoy stories of child-heroes, jokes that emphasize adult deficiencies, riddles that adults can’t answer, etc. Peter Pan fantasy common. Concrete – cognitive conceit (“adults are stupid, I am smart”). Enjoy stories of child-heroes, jokes that emphasize adult deficiencies, riddles that adults can’t answer, etc. Peter Pan fantasy common. Once a child reaches adolescence and enters the formal operations stage, they move into a different form of egocentrism… Once a child reaches adolescence and enters the formal operations stage, they move into a different form of egocentrism…

14. Social Egocentrism Teens overestimate their impact on the environment Teens overestimate their impact on the environment Inability to differentiate the objects of his own thoughts and the object of the thoughts of others Inability to differentiate the objects of his own thoughts and the object of the thoughts of others Everybody is thinking about the same thing they are… Everybody is thinking about the same thing they are… …Themselves! (imaginary audience) …Themselves! (imaginary audience) Tends to believe that others are as obsessed with his behavior and appearance as he is Tends to believe that others are as obsessed with his behavior and appearance as he is Personal fable Personal fable Over-differentiating one's experiences and feelings from others to the point of assuming those experiences are unique from those of others. Over-differentiating one's experiences and feelings from others to the point of assuming those experiences are unique from those of others. A person might believe that he is the only one who can experience whatever feelings of joy, horror, misery, or confusion he might encounter. A person might believe that he is the only one who can experience whatever feelings of joy, horror, misery, or confusion he might encounter. "Nobody understands me." "Nobody understands me." "My parents just don't know what I'm going through-- what do they know about what it's like being a teenager?" "My parents just don't know what I'm going through-- what do they know about what it's like being a teenager?" "You just don't know how it feels." "You just don't know how it feels." "I just got dumped by the girl I love, and nobody could ever experience the crushing sadness I'm going through." "I just got dumped by the girl I love, and nobody could ever experience the crushing sadness I'm going through."

15. Adolescent Egocentrism

16. Social Egocentrism (cont.) RATIONALIZATION: RATIONALIZATION: Explaining why something happened in a way that preserves their self-esteem Explaining why something happened in a way that preserves their self-esteem Invulnerability/Invincibility Invulnerability/Invincibility “Nothing bad can happen to me” “Nothing bad can happen to me” 80% have committed crimes for which they could have been arrested 80% have committed crimes for which they could have been arrested

17. The Development of Moral Reasoning Kohlberg (1976) Kohlberg (1976) Reasoning as opposed to behavior Reasoning as opposed to behavior Moral dilemmas Moral dilemmas Measured nature and progression of moral reasoning Measured nature and progression of moral reasoning 3 levels, each with 2 sublevels 3 levels, each with 2 sublevels Preconventional Preconventional Conventional Conventional Postconventional Postconventional

18. Moral Dilemma In Europe, a woman was near death from a very bad disease, a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging 10 times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could get together only about $1,000, which was half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, “No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.” Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife. In Europe, a woman was near death from a very bad disease, a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging 10 times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could get together only about $1,000, which was half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, “No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.” Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife.

19. Preconventional Morality Before age 9 Before age 9 Morality of self- interest Morality of self- interest Their actions are either to avoid punishment or to gain rewards. Their actions are either to avoid punishment or to gain rewards.

20. Conventional Morality Early adolescence Early adolescence Morality is based upon obeying laws to: Morality is based upon obeying laws to: 1. Maintain social order 2. Gain social approval

21. Postconventional Morality Morality based on your own ethical principles. Morality based on your own ethical principles.

22. Figure 4.22 Kohlberg’s moral ladder Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

23. Figure 11.17 Kohlberg’s stage theory What are all of the possible reasons you can imagine people giving for following or breaking the speed limit? In small groups, brainstorm all of the reasons you can think of, then decide which stage of morality each one represents.

24. Interesting Video Watch at home (the video is titled “07_MoralThi nking”: http://ap- psychology- 5th.grandblanc.high. schoolfusion.us/mod ules/locker/files/gro up_files.phtml?gid= 1316810&parent=84 96495&msg_notify= File+uploaded.&sess ionid=168204f3cfd0 6a48ea3850a4caa8a 5b1 http://ap- psychology- 5th.grandblanc.high. schoolfusion.us/mod ules/locker/files/gro up_files.phtml?gid= 1316810&parent=84 96495&msg_notify= File+uploaded.&sess ionid=168204f3cfd0 6a48ea3850a4caa8a 5b1

25. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Criticisms Criticisms Great deal of overlap Great deal of overlap Gender bias (girls are taught empathy, while boys are taught justice) Gender bias (girls are taught empathy, while boys are taught justice) According to Carol Gilligan (1982), Kohlberg’s theory describes moral development from the “justice perspective,” which tends to predominate in males, but neglects to consider the “care perspective,” which tends to predominate in females. From the justice perspective, moral decisions are based on considerations of fairness and equal treatment for all. From the care perspective, moral decisions are based on considerations of meeting individuals’ personal needs and preserving relationships. According to Carol Gilligan (1982), Kohlberg’s theory describes moral development from the “justice perspective,” which tends to predominate in males, but neglects to consider the “care perspective,” which tends to predominate in females. From the justice perspective, moral decisions are based on considerations of fairness and equal treatment for all. From the care perspective, moral decisions are based on considerations of meeting individuals’ personal needs and preserving relationships. Cognitive abilities influence moral development Cognitive abilities influence moral development See other people’s point of view See other people’s point of view Understanding vs. action Understanding vs. action

26. Talk is Cheap How do we turn morality into action? Teach Empathy Teach Empathy Self-discipline to delay gratification Self-discipline to delay gratification Model moral behavior Model moral behavior

27. Social Development It’s all about forming an identity!!!

28. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIALIZATION SOCIALIZATION Learning the rules of society, when to apply rules, and when to bend them Learning the rules of society, when to apply rules, and when to bend them Acquiring an identity: member of society, member of social categories, member of a family Acquiring an identity: member of society, member of social categories, member of a family Learning to live w/ other people Learning to live w/ other people Others have rights and you have limitations Others have rights and you have limitations

29. Identity Some teenagers take their identity early by sharing their parents values and expectations. Some teenagers take their identity early by sharing their parents values and expectations. Some teenagers will adopt a negative identity (opposition to society), but conforms to a peer group. Some teenagers will adopt a negative identity (opposition to society), but conforms to a peer group.

30. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Erik Erikson (1963) Erik Erikson (1963) Eight stages spanning the lifespan Eight stages spanning the lifespan Psychosocial crises determining balance between opposing polarities in personality Psychosocial crises determining balance between opposing polarities in personality Identity development Identity development One’s sense of self One’s sense of self Erikson’s theory of identity crisis Erikson’s theory of identity crisis Combines both internal psychological factors and external social factors Combines both internal psychological factors and external social factors Each stage builds upon the previous stages and focuses on a challenge (or crisis) that must be resolved during that stage in order to move effectively onto the next stage of development. If you don’t conquer the crisis in one, you can’t proceed positively through the next. Each stage builds upon the previous stages and focuses on a challenge (or crisis) that must be resolved during that stage in order to move effectively onto the next stage of development. If you don’t conquer the crisis in one, you can’t proceed positively through the next. Erikson believed that individuals can stay in “moratorium” until they conquer the Identity Crisis. Erikson believed that individuals can stay in “moratorium” until they conquer the Identity Crisis.

31. A bit about Erik Erikson… Famous child analyst Famous child analyst Worked with Sigmund and Anna Freud Worked with Sigmund and Anna Freud Anna Freud had a profound influence on Erik Erikson. The therapy and counseling he received from Anna influenced his decision to become a lay analyst. Anna Freud had a profound influence on Erik Erikson. The therapy and counseling he received from Anna influenced his decision to become a lay analyst. Taught at Harvard, Yale, and Berkeley Taught at Harvard, Yale, and Berkeley Erikson first became interested in psychoanalysis because he had his own personal “identity crisis” Erikson first became interested in psychoanalysis because he had his own personal “identity crisis” He didn’t fit in with his peers b/c of his Jewish faith, and didn’t fit in with Jewish people b/c he didn‘t look Jewish. He didn’t fit in with his peers b/c of his Jewish faith, and didn’t fit in with Jewish people b/c he didn‘t look Jewish. Another difficulty Erik had was that he never knew his father. His father, a Protestant Dane, left Erik’s mother before Erik was born. Another difficulty Erik had was that he never knew his father. His father, a Protestant Dane, left Erik’s mother before Erik was born.

32. Trust vs. Mistrust Age Important Event Description Birth – 1 Year Feeding Infants form a loving, trusting relationship with parents; they also learn to mistrust others. (Is my world predictable and supportive?) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRy3gCw3uBQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRy3gCw3uBQ (skip :57 – 1:17 if you don’t want to see a baby breastfeeding)

33. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Age Important Event Description 1 Year - 2 Years Toilet Training Child's energies are directed toward physical skills: walking, grasping, and toilet training. The child learns control along with a healthy dose of shame and doubt. (Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?) http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=G8FU18NkVK4 http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=9jouZqH0Q3I

34. Initiative vs. Guilt Age Important Event Description 3 - 5 Years Independence Child becomes more assertive, takes more initiative, becomes more forceful. (Am I good or bad?) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSmQV_6hoPE&feature=related

35. Competence vs. Inferiority Age Important Event Description 6 - 12 Years School The child must deal with demands to learn new skills while risking a sense of inferiority and failure (Am I competent or am I worthless?) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvrRRYk9who

36. Identity vs. Role Confusion Age Importan t Event Description AdolescencePeers Teens must achieve self-identity while deciphering their roles in occupation, politics, and religion. (Who am I and where am I going?)

38. Intimacy vs. Isolation AgeImportant Event Description Young AdultRelationships The young adult must develop marriage-seeking relationships while combating feelings of isolation. (Shall I share my life with another or live alone?)

39. Generativity vs. Stagnation AgeImportant Event Description Middle AdultParenting Assuming the role of parents signifies the need to continue the generations while avoiding the inevitable feeling of failure. (Will I produce something of real value?)

40. Integrity vs. Despair AgeImportant Event Description Late AdultLife Reflection Acceptance of one's lifetime accomplishments and sense of fulfillment. (Have I lived a full life?)

41. Recap: Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development Listen to Michael Britt’s podcast that explains all 8 stages and gives examples with interviews (it really gets started about 5 ½ minutes in): http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2007/07/episode- 20-eriksons-eight-stages-of-life/ http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2007/07/episode- 20-eriksons-eight-stages-of-life/

42. A Look at Erikson’s Stages…… Good video to recap. Watch at home: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PC2G5oFliyk&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PC2G5oFliyk&feature=player_embedded

43. Good Videos for Erikson’s Theory Mnemonic Devices Get the whole thing on The Psych Files website! (Be patient - it usually takes a couple of minutes to load) http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2008/08/epi sode-67-mnemonic-device-for-eriksons- eight-stages-of-development/ http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2008/08/epi sode-67-mnemonic-device-for-eriksons- eight-stages-of-development/ Or YouTube here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Bcwnt GAB34&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Bcwnt GAB34&safe=active The eight stages set to music and represented visually http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =dGFKAfixHJs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =dGFKAfixHJs

44. Personal Development Critics of Erikson Critics of Erikson Point out that he studied mostly troubled / disturbed adolescents. Point out that he studied mostly troubled / disturbed adolescents. Adolescents chosen at random appear to be progressing smoothly through adolescence and do not experience a crisis. Adolescents chosen at random appear to be progressing smoothly through adolescence and do not experience a crisis.

45. A modern example of someone who successfully conquered the identity crisis…. http://www.oprah. com/spirit/Josh- Grobans-Aha- Moment Read “Josh Groban’s Aha Moment!” here:

46. Stage Theories of Development Stage theories, three components Stage theories, three components progress through stages in order progress through stages in order progress through stages related to age progress through stages related to age major discontinuities in development major discontinuities in development Stage Theorists: Stage Theorists: Piaget – Cognitive Development Piaget – Cognitive Development Erikson – Psychosocial Development Erikson – Psychosocial Development Kohlberg – Moral Development Kohlberg – Moral Development

47. “Inside the Teenage Brain” Ever wonder what’s going on inside your heads at this age, or why you act or think the way you do? Watch this very interesting video from PBS (bonus: show it to your parents… it can help you guys understand each other better!) Ever wonder what’s going on inside your heads at this age, or why you act or think the way you do? Watch this very interesting video from PBS (bonus: show it to your parents… it can help you guys understand each other better!) Chapter titles: Chapter titles: “Teenagers’ Inexplicable Behavior” “Teenagers’ Inexplicable Behavior” “The Wiring of the Adolescent Brain” “The Wiring of the Adolescent Brain” “Mood Swings” “Mood Swings” “You Just Don’t Understand” “You Just Don’t Understand” “From Zzzz’s to A’s” “From Zzzz’s to A’s” “Are There Lessons for Parents?” “Are There Lessons for Parents?” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/video /flv/generic.html?s=frol02p392&continuous=1 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/video /flv/generic.html?s=frol02p392&continuous=1 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/video /flv/generic.html?s=frol02p392&continuous=1 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/video /flv/generic.html?s=frol02p392&continuous=1

48. “The Merchants of Cool” Another interesting video that can be watched free from PBS. Another interesting video that can be watched free from PBS. This one is about how media giants and mass-marketers are using adolescent psychology to try to sell you products and ideas. Very interesting stuff! This one is about how media giants and mass-marketers are using adolescent psychology to try to sell you products and ideas. Very interesting stuff! http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline /video/flv/generic.html?s=frol02p70&conti nuous=1 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline /video/flv/generic.html?s=frol02p70&conti nuous=1 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline /video/flv/generic.html?s=frol02p70&conti nuous=1 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline /video/flv/generic.html?s=frol02p70&conti nuous=1

49. “Diagnosing Harry Potter” Seven key stages in adolescence as shown through Harry Potter: http://online.wsj.com/video/diagnosing- harry-potter/D93A5B04-DE75-48EA-A293- EB5D5C7EFFEE.html?mod=WSJ_article_re lated. Seven key stages in adolescence as shown through Harry Potter: http://online.wsj.com/video/diagnosing- harry-potter/D93A5B04-DE75-48EA-A293- EB5D5C7EFFEE.html?mod=WSJ_article_re lated. http://online.wsj.com/video/diagnosing- harry-potter/D93A5B04-DE75-48EA-A293- EB5D5C7EFFEE.html?mod=WSJ_article_re lated http://online.wsj.com/video/diagnosing- harry-potter/D93A5B04-DE75-48EA-A293- EB5D5C7EFFEE.html?mod=WSJ_article_re lated