1. September 1, 2015 Do Now  Is it important to question those in authority? Give evidence to support your position.

3. Understanding Enlightened Thinkers 1. Giving up “freedom” so everyone has equal freedom = social contract. 2. Hobbes-Society without law exists in a state of chaos…Self-interest 3. Rousseau-human beings can remain free and still be guided by rules…ONLY when that power is granted to someone else. 4. Laws should promote the common good and help all people flourish.

4. Understanding Enlightened Thinkers 5. A republic can only survive so long as people participate. –Macchiavelli 6. Government needs to be divided among branches, to share power. -Montesquieu 7. The belief of majority rule, but minority still possesses rights. 8. Economic freedom needs to be protected, in addition to speech and religion.

5. Analyzing the Enlightened Thinkers  Step 1: Read the statement made by the philosopher.  Step 2: Decide whether or not you agree or disagree with what is being said.  Step 3: Rewrite the statement in simplified, plain English.  Step 4: Fill in page 4 with the main ideas of the philosophers.

6. Applying Enlightened Thought  Step 1: Each one of you will receive the lyrics to a song that is modern and you might even have heard it.  Step 2: Read through the lyrics and identify the main idea of the song. Which philosopher does the song best relate to?  Step 3: Write a paragraph explaining the connection between the ideas of the Enlightenment thinker and the song. Be detailed and cite examples!

7. John Locke  “The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which treats everyone equally. …[B]eing equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health or possessions”.

8. John Locke  “We have reason to conclude that all peaceful beginnings of government have been laid in the consent of the people.”

9. John Locke “The old [traditions] are apt to lead men into mistakes, as this [idea] of [fatherly] power’s probably has done, which seems so [eager] to place the power of parents over their children wholly in the father, as if the mother has no share in it. Whereas if we consult reason or [the Bible], we shall find she has an equal title.”

10. John Locke “Whensoever...the [government] shall…put into the hands of any other an absolute power over the lives, liberties, and estates of the people, by this breach of trust they forfeit the power [of] the people…who have a right to resume their original liberty, and by the establishment of the new [government] provide for their own safety and security.”

11. Montesquieu “When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.

12. Montesquieu  “The great advantage of representatives is, their capacity of discussing public affairs. For this the people collectively are extremely unfit, which is one of the chief inconveniences of a democracy.”

13. Montesquieu  “In republican governments, men are all equal; equal they are also in despotic governments: in the former, because they are everything: in the latter, because they are nothing.”

14. Montesquieu  In a true state of nature, indeed, all men are born equal, but they cannot continue in this equality. Society makes them lose it, and they recover it only by the protection of laws.

15. Rousseau  The strongest is never strong enough to be always the master, unless he transforms strength into right, and obedience into duty.

16. Rousseau  Let us then admit that force does not create right, and that we are obliged to obey only legitimate powers.

17. Rousseau  Man is born free; and every where he is in chains. One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than they.

18. Rousseau “As long as a people is compelled to obey, and obeys, it does well; as soon as it can shake off the yoke, and shakes it off, it does still better; for, regaining its liberty by the same right as took it away, either it is justified in resuming it or there was no justification for those who took it away.” But the social order is a sacred right which is the basis of all rights. Nevertheless, this right does not come from nature, and must therefore be founded on conventions.