1. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

2. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-2 T HE S TUDY OF PSYCHOLOGY Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. Behavior is observable actions. Everything we do that can be directly observed (seen). Mental processes are our private inner thoughts, feelings and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly. Psychology is a science that uses systematic methods to observe the natural world, including human behavior (and other animals), and to draw conclusions.

3. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-3 P SYCHOLOGY The scientific study of behavior and mental process Systematic methods What can be directly observed Thoughts, feelings, motives Researchers attempt to describe, predict and explain Studying thinking, behaving and feeling

4. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-4 S CIENCE OF P SYCHOLOGY Critical Thinking - reflecting deeply, – Questioning, evaluating, asking how – we know something Skepticism – challenge if something – Is true Objectivity – being open, not subjective Curiosity – wonder, imagination Common Sense – What is it?

5. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-5 P SYCHOLOGY – A G ENERAL S CIENCE Not Limited to Psychological Disorders or mental illness Originally limited to pathology (the study of illness and death. Positive Psychology – emphasizes human strengths – Hope, optimism, gratitude – Health & Wellness – how the body impacts the mind, how the mind impacts the body – Nature vs. Nurture

6. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-6 H ISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Folklore to Myths to Philosophy to Psychology We have always asked the questions why, how and what? People created folklore to explain why things are the way they are as a means of talking about the past. Ancient myths attributed most important events to the pleasure or displeasure of the gods. Gradually myths gave way to philosophy; the rational investigation of the underlying principles of being and knowledge. People attempted to explain events in terms of natural rather than supernatural causes.

7. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-7 P SYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY Western Philosophy came of age in ancient Greece in the 4 th and 5 th centuries debating the nature of thought and behavior and the links between the body and the mind. Psychology grew out of this tradition of thinking about the mind and the body. Socrates470-399 BC Plato428-348 BC Aristotle384-322 BC

8. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-8 BETWEEN A RISTOTLE AND W UNDT Many contributions were made during this time. Physiologists, physicists, scientists, doctors etc., contributed in many ways. Psychophysics became a way to establish a relationship between the body and the mind. The topic of the soul continues to emerge Physiology, quantitative science, visual and auditory sensation studied.

9. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-9 H ISTORY OF MODERN P SYCHOLOGY Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) German physician/philosopher/father – was a Lutheran pastor 1879 – established 1 st psychology lab Structuralism – structures of the mind – ‘what’ the mind is – introspection systematic, detailed self-report; conscious reflection

10. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-10 H ISTORY OF MODERN P SYCHOLOGY Western Philosophy William James (1842-1910) Went to Harvard/American Personal struggles Functionalism - (why) purpose functions / purposes of the mind Flexible/fluid in response mind’s interactions with outside world stream of consciousness Why is human thought adaptive? How the mind and behavior adapt to environment.

11. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-11 H ISTORY OF P SYCHOLOGY Charles Darwin (1809-1882) (England) – Biologist/Scientist/Naturalist – On the Origin of Species, 1859 – Psychology and evolution – Natural selection-organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring

12. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-12 P SYCHOLOGY AND E VOLUTION Natural Selection – competition for resources – favors genetic characteristics that promote reproduction and survival – environmental changes alter course of evolution

13. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-13 C ONTEMPORARY A PPROACHES TO P SYCHOLOGY Biological Behavioral PsychodynamicHumanistic Cognitive Evolutionary Sociocultural

14. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-14 B IOLOGICAL A PPROACH Neuroscience – emphasizes that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought and emotion. Function Structure Genetics Biochemistry neurotransmitters The brain is the physical basis of all thoughts and emotions

15. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-15 B EHAVIORAL A PPROACH -L EARNING Environmental Determinants of Observable Behavior Voluntary behavior Reinforcement/Punishment Notable Behaviorists – Ivan Pavlov – John Watson – B.F. Skinner  Classical conditioning  Operant conditioning  Observational learning

16. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-16 P SYCHODYNAMIC A PPROACH Freud Psychoanalysis – unconscious thought – conflict between biological drives and demands of society – early childhood family experiences

17. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-17 H UMANISTIC A PPROACH Positive Human Qualities/Potential Free Will Notable Humanistic Theorists – Carl Rogers – Abraham Maslow

18. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-18 C OGNITIVE A PPROACH Mental Processes Involved in Knowing Information Processing how humans interpret incoming info, weigh it, store it, and apply it

19. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-19 E VOLUTIONARY A PPROACH Explanations of Human Behavior: – adaptation – reproduction – natural selection Notable Evolutionary Psychologist – David Buss

20. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-20 S OCIOCULTURAL A PPROACH Social and Cultural Environments Differences – between ethnic and cultural groups – within and across countries

21. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-21 C AREERS IN P SYCHOLOGY Practice / Applied Research Teaching

22. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-22 A REAS OF S PECIALIZATION Physiological Psych / Behavioral Neuroscience Sensation and Perception LearningCognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Motivation & Emotion Psychology of Women and Gender Personality Psychology Social Psychology Industrial / Organizational Psychology Clinical & Counseling Psychology Health Psychology Areas Of Specialization

23. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-23 I NFLUENCE OF C ULTURE Individualistic Cultures – individuals viewed as unique and distinct from their social group – value independence Collectivistic Cultures – emphasize social group and the individual’s role within that group – value interdependence In your opinion, which is a worse character flaw, being a pathetic “door mat” or being selfish and mean?

24. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-24 I NFLUENCE OF C ULTURE Individualistic Subjects – prefer to work on tasks that they have had previous success with – like to emphasize their successes Collectivistic Subjects – prefer to work on tasks that they have difficulty with – self-critical view Would you rather work on a hobby that is easy for you, or difficult?

25. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-25 H EALTH AND W ELLNESS Mind-Body Connection – how the mind impacts the body – how the body impacts the mind

26. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-26 C HAPTER R EVIEW Explain what psychology is and describe the positive psychology movement. Discuss the roots and early scientific foundations of psychology. Summarize the main themes of the seven approaches to psychology. Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology. Describe the connections between the mind and the body.