1. Animal Ethics: Compassion and Fair Play among the other mammals Mark Reimers, Ph.D

2. Why Study Animal Ethics? Some animals live complex social lives Animals are not models of virtue nor vice Few people have studied animal societies on their own terms We may understand the ‘raw material’ out of which our own ethics is constructed

3. Intelligent Social Animals

4. Aspects of Justice Seen in Animals Empathy Reciprocity and sharing Envy Protecting others from bullies Handicapping oneself to participate Resolution of disputes by an authority

5. Our Social Heritage - Empathy Mammal parents take care of children Many social mammals take extended periods to provision and train active exploring children Parents are particularly good at responding to their child’s needs and anticipating possible dangers

6. Empathy is Widely Observed Dogs are notoriously sensitive to the moods and setbacks of their owners Elephants often act very protectively of sick or injured fellow elephants –Sometimes the group may even change diet!

7. Animal Values: Empathy vs. Hunger Monkeys were kept hungry If they push a lever, –They get food AND –They shock another monkey They refrain up to 2 weeks Even rats will do this!

8. Our Primate Heritage - Sharing Sharing may have evolved from parenting Intelligent social mammals will frequently cooperate with non-kin, and even with strangers

9. Our Primate Heritage – Envy Monkeys will happily ‘work’ for cucumbers If they see another monkey getting grapes they will stop working for cucumbers

10. Our Primate Heritage - Friendship

11. Friendship and Grief Many animals grieve loss of their mother Some grieve loss of a close companion Not just a reaction to death itself Some animals ‘cry’

12. Our Primate Heritage - Dominance Alliances and popular respect are a key to power Good leaders intervene impartially in others’ disputes Good leaders win popular support

13. Preventing Abuse Sometimes chimpanzees will warn a dominant male against bullying a subordinate Motivation unknown Not a common activity

14. Similar Brains – Similar Minds?

15. A Hypothesis About Human Morals For animals empathy, dominance, sharing and reconciliation are separate We have interwoven these capacities by use of mirror capacity and imagination Justice may involve empathy, envy, and ‘mirror response’ Religion is one source of social imagination