1. James A. Van Slyke

3. Share 98.5% of the same genes Hominid lineage split from chimpanzee about 6 million years ago from a common ancestor Chimpanzee and Bonobo Chimpanzee split about 2.5 million years ago

5. Comparative psychology Studying animal behavior as approximations of human behavior Primatology – study of chimpanzees and apes Similarities in adaptive behaviors

6. Human Altruism is an important doctrine in many religions If evolution is about survival of the fittest, why do people sacrifice for others? Show Care and Concern for others Help others in need Willing to sacrifice one’s life for another Mother Teresa

7. “Nature red in Tooth and Claw” (Tennyson) “Selfish Genes” (Dawkins) Common assumption about Evolution is that it is primarily about competition and violence Non human Primates demonstrate other factors in the social lives of chimpanzees Not all aspects are competitive and violent

8. Attachment Harry Harlow’s studies on cloth vs. wire mother Attachment is primary bond used for social exploration of young monkeys Several underlying neural systems facilitate this bond Neurochemicals – oxytocin, prolactin, endorphins Hypothalamus releases oxytocin, which facilitates breast- feeding and bonding Performs a similar function in human mothers Attachment is the first process that increases our circle of concern towards others

9. Chimpanzee societies have a hierarchical system alpha male has sexual privileges and rights to food Yet male is not completely dominate in social situations Food Sharing Chimpanzees will tolerate others eating their food Begging is often involved Protests against monopolizing food sources Mouth to mouth feeding may have been a pre-cursor for a kiss Food may be distributed to hunters first; or used to maintain status

10. Hippie Monkeys – “Make love not war” Bonobos have larger groups Bonobos often use sex; heterosexual or homosexual to ease tensions in the group Sex is often exchanged for food Female matriarchs are often in charge in bonobo troops Females often maintain power through alliances with other females

11. Females will often work together to fend off aggressive males Chimpanzees often have a alpha female in the group Through coalitions females may sometimes have more power than the alpha male Alpha males cannot retain their status without help from females

12. Alpha males usually can only retain status through building coalitions with other males There is a type of rank system in chimpanzee troops; but not strict dominance of one chimp over all others Example Nikkie retained the alpha role by teaming up with an older adult male Yeoren against a third rival Luit Coalitions such as this one are very common

13. The social structure of early primate societies may have been a precursor to human altruism Step from pure self-interest to interest in the other Increased the circle of concern towards others in the group Definitely not altruism, but a step in the right direction