1. Emergence of the Animal Kingdom Or “Rise of the Chordates” Phylum Chordata Leading to Subphylum Vertebrata

2. Chordates include the following: 1.Fish 2.Reptiles 3.Amphibians 4.Birds 5.Mammals

3. PHYLUM CHORDATA Notocord- develops into backbone dorsal, hollow nerve tube- develops into spinal cord gill slits post anal tail

5. Notocord Found in embryonic stages of all chordates often regressing as maturity is approached. Typically a rod shaped mass. It lies immediately below the nerve cord and may provide mechanical strength to the embryo.

6. Nerve Chord …. also called a spinal cord; a hollow structure that extends the length of the animal just above the notochord.

7. Gills & Tails

8. Two Invertebrate Chordates Urochordates –sea squirts or tunicates Cephalochordates –lancelets

9. VERTEBRATES Possess backbones – replaces the notochord

10. Fish Are ectothermic. Lay eggs (but some do give birth to live young). Have a moist skin covered in scales. Breathe through gills.

11. 3 Classes * Jawless * Cartilaginous * Bony

12. Jawless Fish – Class Agnatha notochord, no backbone Hagfish (scavengers and predators) Lampreys (parasitic)

15. Class Chondrichthyes Sharks, Skates, & Rays

16. Cartilagenous Fish – Class Chondrichthyes skeletons made of tough elastic cartilage negatively buoyant some of the active sharks must swim to breathe

17. Bony Fish – Class Osteichthyes most numerous and successful of all vertebrates

18. Bony Fish – Class Osteichthyes swim bladders countercurrent exchange body shape effects the efficiency of movement operculum

22. Fertilization and Development Three strategies of internal fertilization: Why internal fertilization in terrestrial animals? –oviparity - Eggs are fertilized internally and deposited outside mother’s body to complete development-some bony fish, most reptiles, some cartilaginous fish, some amphibians, a few mammals, all birds –ovoviviparity - Fertilized eggs are retained within mother to complete development, but all nourishment gained from yolk sac-some bony fish (mollies, guppies, mosquito fish), some cartilaginous fish, many reptiles –viviparity - Young develop within mother and obtain nourishment directly from mother’s blood-most cartilaginous fish, some amphibians, a few reptiles, almost all mammals.

23. Fish Reproduction –Eggs of most bony fish fertilized externally, and eggs contain small yolk sac-uses yolk for rapid growth –Fertilization in most cartilaginous fish is internal-viviparous

25. Environmental Project What is it? What is the cause? Why is this bad for the ecosystem? How does this affect humans? Solutions? 5 min max. Use projector. Fun/ Interesting 20 pts. Major category

26. TOPICS Fish and estrogen Fish and mercury Amphibian and water pollution Amphibian malformation Cane toad in Australia Burmese pythons in Florida How do bananas and cows endanger marine turtles? Lizards and climate change Bird poaching – scarlet macaw Chicken farm cruelty Aerial wolf hunting Caribou and climate change Whaling Polar bears and climate change Wolves and aerial hunting Penguins losing feathers Lionfish Black Panthers and housing development Birds and plastic Oil spills and sea birds Radiation and humans Plastic vortex and ? Cell phones, Coltan, and Gorillas Ivory trade and elephants Feral cats in Australia Domestic cats and song bird population in America

27. Amphibians: frogs, toads, newts, caecilians, and salamanders Are cold-blooded. Lay eggs. Have a smooth, moist skin. Are able to live on land as well as in the water. Undergo metamorphosis

28. Amphibian Reproduction Amphibians Fertilization is usually external. Eggs of most species develop in water. Development divided into stages (metamorphosis). Can live on land but depends on water for reproduction

29. Respiration Young have gillsAdults have lungs

30. Circulation

31. Caecilians Salamanders

32. Frogs vs. Toads

33. Mating During mating males typically grasp females in a behavior known as amplexus. Amplexus is thought to help to align both male and female reproductive tracts and help to achieve successful fertilization. It is probably also a form of mate guarding by the male, reducing the risk that other males will be able to fertilize the females offspring. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkSQH 2a39II