1. Ancient Greece! Also, known as Hellas Later turns into powerful City-states! Chapter 5 World History: Connection to Today, Modern Era

2. Ancient Greece (1750 B.C.-133 B.C.) 1.Through trading contacts, Minoan and Mycenaean cultures borrowed many ideas from older civilizations. 2.After the Persian Wars, democracy flourished in Athens. 3.Guided by a belief in reason, Greek artists, writers, and philosophers used their genius to seek order in the universe. 2

3. Map of Greece and Aegean Sea

4. Early Peoples in Aegean Region Minoans(not sure) Mycenaeans(Greek speaking) Ionians Phoenicians (letters influenced Greek’s) Dorians (Greek speaking)

5. Early Peoples of the Aegean Sea Minoans 1800 BC  Lived on the island of Crete.  Capital city was Knossos.  Minotaur Myth  Legendary ruler was named King Minos.  Pictures of “bull-leaping” and ocean paintings called frescoes.  “Zeus disguises as a Bull”  No written records found Mycenaeans 1400 BC  Lived in separate city-states on the Greek mainland but created an empire.  Successful sea traders and warriors.  Fought in Trojan War 1250 BC over economic trading rivalry and/or the Kidnapping of Helen.  After a decline, came the Age of Homer with his works the Iliad and the Odyssey. These are only records of Greek values and possible events.

6. Influences on early Greeks

7. (Adapted from Phoenicians)

8. Unifying Forces They honored the same ancient heroes. They participated in common festivals. They prayed to the same gods. They shared the Greek language. They felt superior to non-Greeks, whom they called “barbaroi,” people who did not speak Greek. 2

9. There are others, as well as Titans, and Heroes!

10. How did Geography impact the Ancient Greek City-States?

11. Answer: The mountainous terrain forced the Greeks to live in separate city-states and have different cultures and ways of doing things. Some of the common city-states were: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes. Safe harbors, bays, and islands, contributed to the Greek’s ability to navigate the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas and establish trade.

12. Athens and Sparta Society grew into a limited democracy, or government by the people. Council of 500 was created as a body that would suggest laws and supervise the government. ALL Male citizens over age 30 were members of the assembly who debated laws and voted. Rulers encouraged trade with other city-states. Women were considered inferior. Boys received education in many areas, not just military training. Rulers were two kings and a council of elders. (known as Oligarchy) Rulers formed a military society. Conquered people were turned into slaves, called helots. Rulers forbade trade and travel. Male, native-born Spartans over age 30 were citizens and voted in an Assembly. All boys received military training. Girls were raised to produce healthy sons for the army. Women had the right to inherit property. ATHENSSPARTA 2

13. How did Athens and Sparta Differ? ATHENS  Limited Democracy  Boys educated in all areas including rhetoric and arts.  Women had stayed home and spun clothes and took care of house. SPARTA  Ruled by 2 Kings  Militaristic in nature.  Controlled people they conquered called helots.  Women trained, produced healthy babies, and had more rights than in Athens.

14. How did Athens and Sparta Differ? ATHENS  Males attended Gymnasium and Assembly to participate in Government.  Golden Age of Achievements and trade flourished.  SPARTA  Babies were examined and left to die if unhealthy.  Trade and travel were restricted.  Males lived in barracks and endured a brutal existence.

15. Why did the Greeks fight Persia and what was the Age of Pericles ? The Persians wanted to conquer Ionia and Greece. After several battles, the Greek city-states defeated the Persians. Athens headed an Alliance of City-states known as the Delian League. Athens became powerful and this was known as the “Age of Pericles.” Sparta refused to join and feared Athen’s power over the League. This led to the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. Sparta was victorious.

16. The Age of Pericles Athens was a direct democracy. This meant that Athenian men participated in the assembly and served on juries. Pericles hired architects and sculptors to rebuild the Acropolis, which the Persians had destroyed. The PARTHENON was created! Pericles turned Athens into the cultural center of Greece. He did this with the help of an educated, foreign-born woman named Aspasia. After the Persian Wars, Athens enjoyed a golden age under Pericles. 2

17. Who was Alexander the Great and what was Hellenistic Culture? From Macedonia Young, intelligent, and possessed great military skill. Conquered the Persian satraps and King. Created Hellenistic culture.

18. How did Alexander create a new blended Culture called Hellenistic? Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures combined. Established new cities, many named Alexandria that were settled by Greeks and who put Greek statues and spread culture. He Dressed like a Persian and married a Persian. He adopted Persian customs and encouraged Greeks to. ** “Great” example of cultural diffusion!

19. Alexander the Great Philip of Macedonia conquered Greece. He was assassinated before he could fulfill his dream of conquering the Persian empire. Philip’s son, Alexander, succeeded him to the throne. Alexander won his first victory against the Persians at the Granicus River. He then conquered Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, and Babylon. Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush into northern India. There his troops faced soldiers mounted on war elephants. They were forced to retreat. While planning his next battle campaign, Alexander died of a sudden fever. Three generals divided up the empire. 2

20. Alexander the Great’s Empire

21. Great Minds of the Hellenistic Period Zeno founded Stoicism, which urged people to accept calmly whatever life brought. Pythagoras derived a formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a triangle. Euclid wrote The Elements, a textbook that became the basis for modern geometry. Aristarchus theorized about a heliocentric, or sun-centered, solar system. Eratosthenes showed that the Earth was round and accurately calculated its circumference. Archimedes used principles of physics to make practical inventions, such as the lever and the pulley. Hippocrates studied illnesses and cures and set ethical standards for medical care. 2

22. Contributions of Ancient Greeks Parthenon – Temple of Athena Principles of Geometry by Euclid Pythagoras and right triangle theory

23. Contributions of Ancient Greeks Hippocrates the physician and his oath of moral practice. Archimedes applied principles of physics with levers and pulleys.

24. Contributions of Ancient Greeks Myron sculpted statues like Diskobolus(right). Sophocles wrote dramas like the play Antigone and other tragedies and comedies.

25. Contributions of Ancient Greeks Socrates and the “Socratic Method of Questioning!” He was later convicted of corrupting the youth with his questioning. Plato and Aristotle were among other great thinkers.