1. Violence in Sport A2 PE

2. Lesson Objectives Describe the term violence in sport Explain the causes of spectator violence/hooliganism Evaluate theories of hooliganism Outline what has been done to prevent and control spectator violence? Link and explain UK law that underpins prevention strategies of spectator violence

3. Hooligans The lighter side of hooligans The lighter side of hooligans

4. What are some of the possible causes of crowd violence at sporting events? Alcohol / drugs Tradition: Traditional rivalry ‘local derbys’ / religion e. g celtic vs rangers Frustration: The score or result / controversial decisions by officials

5. Abuse: Verbal abuse from rival fans / provocation / racism Emotional: Importance of the event / pre-match hype Numbers: Large number of fans / poor policing Hooligans: Some ‘fans; more concerned with causing trouble than watching football

6. Mass culture: Peer group pressure / individuals lose identity within the crowd Pitch violence: Behaviour on the pitch copied by spectators Punishment: Lack of suitable punishment

7. What has been done to make stadiums safer and to prevent and control violence by spectators at football matches Taylor Report result from Heysel (1985) and Hillsborough (1989) phased out standing terraces ‘All-seater’ stadiums in some divisions and perimeter fences between crowds and pitch removed

8. Separation from opposing fans Club membership schemes introduced / control of ticket sales / all-ticket matches Closed circuit TV to monitor fans CCTV IN ACTION The images of 17 men, all thought to be West Ham fans, were issued after fights spoiled a Carling Cup game on 25 August 2009 The pictures are from CCTV cameras within the ground. A man was stabbed, missiles were thrown at police and there were 10 arrests at the game. Both clubs have been charged with failing to control supporters.

9. Police forces share info / restrictions on overseas travel by known hooligans Alcohol controlled / no selling of alcohol in glasses Increased numbers of police / stewards

10. Increased numbers of police / stewards Known trouble makers excluded / searches on entry to ground Fining of clubs / ground restrictions

11. Heysel Stadium Disaster 1985 39 spectators (31 Juventus fans) were crushed or trampled to death They were trying to escape a charge by Liverpool supporters More than 250 others were injured when violence erupted Britain was banned from European football for 5 years

12. Theories of Hooliganism Marsh et al 1978 Common offenders 18-20 yrs Working Class backgrounds Ritualistic and not always physically violent Dunning et al 1988/ Robson 2000 Aggressive Masculinity Common social behaviour in lower classes Reaction to growing middle classes and higher ticket prices

13. Theories of Hooliganism Finn 1994/Kerr 1994 Search for ‘Flow’ experience not usually encountered in everyday life Addiction to risk taking feeling Armstrong 1997 Diverse range of locations and backgrounds Opportunity to belong Feeling of gaining honour Offenders enjoy the confrontation rather than the violence itself.

14. Violence by Spectators Chelsea Headhunters – MacIntyre Investigates Chelsea Headhunters – MacIntyre Investigates BBC Hooligans (u tube) MacIntyre Undercover - Chelsea Headhunters Chelsea Headhunters were infiltrated by investigative reporter Donal MacIntyre for this documentary screened on the BBC on November 9, 1999, in which MacIntyre posed as a wannabe- member of the Chelsea Headhunters. In 2000, Jason Marriner, a member of the Chelsea Headhunters was sentenced to six years in prison for his part in organising a fight with supporters of a rival team, based on evidence captured by Donal MacIntyre and his team. This programme led to arrests and several convictions.

15. The Laws The Public Disorder Act (1986) Allows courts to ban fans from grounds The Football Spectators Act (1989) Allows courts to restrict fans from attending matches abroad The Football Offences Act (1991) Spectators can be arrested for: throwing missiles, racial chanting, pitch invasion

16. What you covered? What is Violence in Sport? The causes of spectator violence/hooliganism Theories of hooliganism What has been done to prevent and control spectator violence? UK Law that underpins prevention strategies