1. Chapter 5 History and Structure of American Law Enforcement

2. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-2 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-2 Chapter Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to do the following:  Describe the jurisdictional limitations of American law enforcement.  Trace the English origins of American law enforcement.  Discuss the early development of American law enforcement.

3. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-3 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-3 Chapter Objectives  Describe the major developments that have occurred in American policing.  Describe the structure of American law enforcement.  Explain the relationship between the FBI and the Department of Homeland Security.  Discuss the development and growth of private security in the United States.

4. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-4 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-4 The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement  The United States has more than 18,000 public law enforcement agencies.  The jurisdiction of each agency is carefully limited by law.  Jurisdiction: the right or authority of a justice agency to act in regard to a particular subject matter, territory, or person  Law enforcement is also limited by the procedural law derived from U.S. Supreme Court decisions.

5. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-5 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-5 The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement  In comparison with other democratic nations of the world, the United States has remarkably more police agencies that operate under far more restrictions on their authority.  Like much of the criminal justice system, this limited law enforcement model came from England.

6. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-6 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-6 English Roots  Our familiar law enforcement system, in which uniformed officers respond to calls for help and plainclothes detectives investigate, developed over hundreds of years in England.

7. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-7 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-7 The Tithing System  By the twelfth century in England, the practice of resolving disputes privately gave way to a system of group protection, called the tithing system, in which a group of ten families agreed to follow the law, keep the peace in their areas, and bring law violators to justice.

8. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-8 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-8 The Tithing System  In larger areas, ten tithings were grouped together to form a hundred, and one or several hundreds constituted a shire.  The shire was under the direction of the shire reeve.  The shire reeve was assisted by posses.

9. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-9 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-9 The Tithing System  Shire Reeve: in medieval England, the chief law enforcement officer in a territorial area called a shire  Later called the sheriff  Posses: groups of able-bodied citizens of a community, called into service by a sheriff or constable to chase and apprehend offenders

10. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-10 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-10 The Constable-Watch System  The constable-watch system: a system of protection in early England in which citizens, under the direction of a constable, or chief peacekeeper, were required to guard the city and to pursue criminals  The Statute of Winchester, in 1285, formalized the constable-watch system of protection.  One man from each parish was selected to be constable.  Citizens were drafted as (unpaid) watchmen, and were required to come to the aid of a constable or watchman who called for help.

11. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-11 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-11 The Constable-Watch System  Two elements of this system made their way to the American colonies: 1. The people were the police. 2. The organization of the protection system was local.

12. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-12 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-12 The Bow Street Runners  In 1748, a London magistrate named Henry Fielding (best known for his writings, including the novel Tom Jones) founded the first publicly funded detective force in a district of London known as Bow Street.  The Bow Street Runners paved the way for a more professional response to crime.

13. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-13 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-13 The London Metropolitan Police  The Industrial Revolution brought a huge influx of people into London, and along with them, increasing poverty, public disorder, and crime.  In 1829, Parliament created the London Metropolitan Police, a 1,000-member professional force.  The police became known as bobbies or peelers after Robert Peel, the British Home Secretary, who had prodded Parliament for their creation.

14. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-14 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-14 The London Metropolitan Police  The police were organized around Peel’s Principles of Policing.  The London Police were organized according to military rank and structure.  The police were under the command of two magistrates (later called commissioners).  The main function of the police was to prevent crime by preventive patrol of the community.

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16. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-16 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-16 The Development of American Law Enforcement  The United States has more police departments than any other nation in the world.  Virtually every community has its own police force, creating a great disparity in the quality of American police personnel and service.

17. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-17 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-17 Early American Law Enforcement  Settlers of the new American colonies brought with them the constable-watch system, which became common (although not necessarily effective) in cities.  In many rural areas, a sheriff and posse system were commonly used.  America developed with these two separate law enforcement systems.

18. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-18 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-18 Law Enforcement in the Cities  The Industrial Revolution brought a flood of people to American cities, often immigrants.  Overcrowded and unhealthy living and working conditions led to fights, brawls, and riots.  Americans resisted the establishment of a public police force.  Plainclothes watchmen did not try to prevent or discover crime.

19. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-19 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-19 Law Enforcement in the Cities  Municipal Police Forces  In 1844, New York City created the first paid, unified police force in the United States.  Other cities followed suit, creating their own police departments, often merely organizations of the existing day and night watch.  It was not until after the Civil War that police forces routinely began to wear uniforms, carry nightsticks, and even carry firearms.

20. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-20 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-20 Law Enforcement in the Cities  Tangle of Politics and Policing  Until the 1920s in most American cities, local political leaders maintained complete control over the police force.  The political and police systems in many cities were corrupt.  Jobs, politics, and law enforcement all depended on paying money to the right person.

21. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-21 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-21 A Brief History of Blacks in Policing  For most of American history, blacks who have wanted to be police officers have faced blatant discrimination and have generally been denied the opportunity.  The first black police officers in the United States were “free men of color.”  They were hired around 1805 to serve as members of the New Orleans city watch system.

22. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-22 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-22 A Brief History of Blacks in Policing  By 1910, there were fewer than 600 black police officers in the United States, and most of them were employed in northern cities.  It was not until the 1940s and 1950s that black police officers began to be hired routinely in most northern and southern U.S. cities.

23. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-23 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-23 Law Enforcement in the States and on the Frontier  Without large population centers to patrol, law enforcement was more likely to respond to specific situations:  Rounding up cattle rustlers  Capturing escaped slaves  The basic structure of police units with broader responsibilities grew out of this system.

24. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-24 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-24 Southern Slave Patrols  In the South, the earliest form of policing was the plantation slave patrols.  They have been called “the first distinctively American police system.”  They were a product of the slave codes, which prohibited slaves from:  Holding meetings  Leaving the plantation without permission  Traveling without a pass  Learning to read and write  Slave patrols often whipped and terrorized slaves.

25. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-25 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-25 Frontier Law Enforcement  In the American frontier, justice often meant vigilantism.  Self-protection remains very popular in the South and West.

26. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-26 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-26 State Police Agencies  Growing populations, as well as the inability of some local sheriffs and constables to control crime, led states to create their own law enforcement agencies.  Texas officially created the Rangers in 1835.  Pennsylvania established the first modern state law enforcement agency in 1905.  By the 1930s, every state had some form of state law enforcement agency.

27. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-27 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-27 Professionalism and Reform  Until the late nineteenth century, there were no qualifications required for law enforcement officers.  Cincinnati was the first city to require qualifications of police officers:  High moral character  Foot speed

28. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-28 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-28 Professionalism and Reform  It was not until the early twentieth century that reformers began advocating training and education for police officers.  Reformers also aimed to remove the police from political influences.

29. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-29 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-29 Professionalism and Reform: Policewomen  From the early 1900s until 1972, when the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission began to assist women police officers in obtaining equal employment status with male officers, policewomen were responsible for protection and crime prevention work with women and juveniles, particularly with girls.  Not until 1905 in Portland, Oregon did the first woman gain full police power.  The first uniformed policewoman was hired by the Los Angeles Police Department in 1910.

30. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-30 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-30 Conflicting Roles  Americans have never been sure what role they want police officers to play.  Police have acted as:  Peacekeepers  Social workers  Crime fighters  Public servants

31. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-31 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-31 Conflicting Roles  In the nineteenth century, police acted as peacekeepers and social service agents, feeding the hungry and housing the homeless.  In the 1920s, police began to focus on crime-fighting.  In the 1960s, the civil rights movement often resulted in violent clashes between police and citizens.

32. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-32 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-32 Conflicting Roles  Four blue-ribbon commissions studied the police in the United States from 1967 to 1973.  The reports recommended:  Careful selection of law enforcement officers  Extensive and continuous training  Better management and supervision

33. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-33 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-33 Community Policing  Community policing: contemporary approach to policing that actively involves the community in a working partnership to control and reduce crime  A desire to actually improve neighborhoods led to the modern concept of community policing, which involves:  A problem-oriented approach aimed at handling a broad range of troublesome situations  Greater emphasis on foot patrols  Building a relationship with citizens so they are more willing to help the police

34. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-34 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-34 CompStat  CompStat: “compare stats” or “computer statistics meetings”  Based on four interrelated crime-reduction principles: 1. Provide accurate and timely crime data to all levels of the police organization. 2. Choose the most effective strategies for specific problems. 3. Implement those strategies by the rapid deployment of personnel and resources. 4. Diligently evaluate the results and make adjustments to the strategy if necessary.

35. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-35 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-35 History of Four Federal Law Enforcement Agencies: U.S. Marshals Service  The first federal law enforcement agency in the U.S.  President George Washington personally selected the first 13 Marshals—one for each state.  The U.S. Marshals represented the federal government’s interests at the local level and, besides their law enforcement responsibilities, they performed a variety of non–law enforcement duties needed to keep the central government functioning effectively.

36. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-36 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-36 History of Four Federal Law Enforcement Agencies: U.S. Marshals Service  Throughout their more than 220-year history, U.S. Marshals and their deputies have been “general practitioners within the law enforcement community,” capable of responding quickly to new problems.

37. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-37 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-37 History of Four Federal Law Enforcement Agencies: U.S. Marshals Service  Today, their major responsibilities include:  Judicial security  Fugitive investigations  Witness security  Prisoner services (e.g., detaining presentenced federal prisoners)  Transporting federal prisoners and criminal aliens  Managing and disposing of seized and forfeited property  Serving federal court criminal and some civil processes  Conducting special operations (e.g., providing security assistance when Minuteman and cruise missiles are moved between military facilities)

38. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-38 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-38 History of Four Federal Law Enforcement Agencies: The Secret Service  In 1865, the U.S. Secret Service was created as a branch of the Treasury Department to combat the counterfeiting of U.S. currency.  Today, the mission of the United States Secret Service is:  To safeguard the nation’s financial infrastructure and payment systems  To preserve the integrity of the economy  To protect national leaders, visiting heads of state and government, designated sites, and National Special Security Events

39. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-39 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-39 History of Four Federal Law Enforcement Agencies: The Federal Bureau of Investigation  The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was formed during the first decade of the twentieth century.  In 1924, J. Edgar Hoover, 29, was appointed Director of the Bureau, a position he would hold for the next 48 years.  The FBI gained increasing influence over local policing in the 1930s, when the Bureau became responsible for the UCR system (1930), established its own crime lab (1932), and founded the National Police Academy (1935).

40. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-40 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-40 History of Four Federal Law Enforcement Agencies: The Federal Bureau of Investigation  Today, the FBI’s priorities are:  Protect the U.S. from terrorist attack  Protect the U.S. against foreign intelligence operations and espionage  Protect the U.S. against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes  Combat public corruption at all levels  Protect civil rights  Combat transnational/national criminal organizations and enterprises  Combat major white-collar crime.  Combat significant violent crime.  Support federal, state, local, and international partners.  Upgrade technology to successfully perform the FBI’s mission.

41. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-41 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-41 History of Four Federal Law Enforcement Agencies: The Drug Enforcement Administration  President Richard Nixon created the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) by executive order in 1973.  His goal was to establish a single unified command to wage “an all-out global war on the drug menace.”  The federal law that inaugurated America’s War on Drugs was the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914.

42. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-42 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-42  Today, the mission of the DEA is:  To enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice system of the United States, or any other competent jurisdiction, those organizations and principal members of organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substances appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the United States; and to recommend and support non-enforcement programs aimed at reducing the availability of illicit controlled substances on the domestic and international markets History of Four Federal Law Enforcement Agencies: The Drug Enforcement Administration

43. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-43 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-43  In carrying out its mission, the DEA’s primary responsibilities include:  Investigation and preparation for the prosecution of major violators of controlled substance laws operating at interstate and international levels  Investigation and preparation for prosecution of criminals and drug gangs who perpetrate violence in our communities and terrorize citizens through fear and intimidation  Management of a national drug intelligence program in cooperation with federal, state, local, and foreign officials to collect, analyze, and disseminate strategic and operational drug intelligence information History of Four Federal Law Enforcement Agencies: The Drug Enforcement Administration

44. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-44 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-44  In carrying out its mission, the DEA’s primary responsibilities include:  Seizure and forfeiture of assets derived from, traceable to, or intended to be used for illicit drug trafficking  Enforcement of the provisions of the Controlled Substances Act as they pertain to the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of legally produced controlled substances  Coordination and cooperation with federal, state, and local law enforcement officials on mutual drug enforcement efforts and enhancement of such efforts through exploitation of potential interstate and international investigations beyond local or limited federal jurisdictions and resources History of Four Federal Law Enforcement Agencies: The Drug Enforcement Administration

45. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-45 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-45  In carrying out its mission, the DEA’s primary responsibilities include:  Coordination and cooperation with federal, state, and local agencies, and with foreign governments, in programs designed to reduce the availability of illicit abuse-type drugs on the United States market through nonenforcement methods such as crop eradication, crop substitution, and training of foreign officials  Under the policy guidance of the secretary of state and U.S. ambassadors, for all programs associated with drug law enforcement counterparts in foreign countries  Liaison with the United Nations, Interpol, and other organizations on matters relating to international drug control programs History of Four Federal Law Enforcement Agencies: The Drug Enforcement Administration

46. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-46 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-46 The Structure of American Law Enforcement  American law enforcement agencies are extremely diverse in:  Jurisdictions  Responsibilities  Employers (hospitals, colleges, transit authorities may have their own police)

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48. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-48 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-48 Local Policing and Its Duties  If people know a law enforcement agent at all, it is probably a local police officer, but it is doubtful that even they understand what local police officers in America really do, besides what they see on television and in movies.

49. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-49 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-49 Municipal Police Departments  Most police departments in the United States employ fewer than 50 sworn officers.  Most police officers:  In 2007, 75% of full-time sworn officers were white; 88% were men; 11.9% were women.

50. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-50

51. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-51 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-51 Local Police Duties  Four categories of local police duties are:  Law enforcement—investigating crime and arresting suspects  Order maintenance or peacekeeping—controlling crowds, intervening in domestic disputes  Service—escorting funeral processions, taking people to the hospital  Information gathering—determining neighborhood reactions to a proposed liquor license, investigating a missing child case

52. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-52 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-52 Organizational Structure  How a police agency is structured depends on:  Size of the agency  Degree of specialization  Philosophy the leadership has chosen  Political context of the department  History and preferences of a particular community

53. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-53 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-53 Organizational Structure  Large departments have many specialized departments.  Small departments rarely have specialized departments, or officers trained in complex investigation.  Police departments are usually organized in a military structure.  Some people think a military structure does not fit police work because the work is so varied, and the structure impedes the flow of communication.

54. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-54 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-54 The Political Context of Policing  Police departments are part of larger governments. Municipalities generally operate under one of four forms:  Strong Mayor-Council  Weak Mayor-Council  City Manager  Commission  Each style of government varies in the amount of control citizens have over their leaders, including the chief of police.

55. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-55 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-55 County Law Enforcement  A substantial portion of law enforcement work in the United States is carried out by sheriffs’ departments.  In 2008, the nation had 3,063 sheriffs’ departments, employing 353,461 full-time personnel, of which about 50% were sworn peace officers.

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57. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-57 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-57 County Law Enforcement Functions  County sheriff and department personnel perform many functions:  Investigating crimes  Supervising sentenced offenders  Enforcing criminal and traffic laws  Serving summons, warrants, and writs  Providing courtroom security  Transporting prisoners  Operating a county jail

58. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-58 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-58 Politics and County Law Enforcement  Most sheriffs are directly elected and depend on an elected board of county commissioners or supervisors for funding.  Sheriffs generally have a freer hand in running their agencies than do police chiefs.

59. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-59 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-59 State Law Enforcement  State law enforcement agencies provide criminal and traffic law enforcement, and other services particular to the needs of that state government.  In 2008, the 50 primary state law enforcement agencies had 93,148 employees, of which about 61,000 were full-time sworn officers.

60. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-60 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-60 State Law Enforcement  Each state has chosen one of three models for providing law enforcement services:  State police model  Example: Texas Rangers  Highway patrol model  Example: California Highway Patrol  Department of public safety model  Example: Alabama Department of Public Safety

61. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-61 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-61 State Police Model and Highway Patrol Model  State police model: a model of state law enforcement services in which the agency and its officers have the same law enforcement powers as local police, but can exercise them anywhere within the state  Highway patrol model: a model of state law enforcement services in which officers focus on highway traffic safety, enforcement of the state’s traffic laws, and the investigation of accidents on the state’s roads, highways, and on state property

62. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-62 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-62 State Police Model and Highway Patrol Model  Both perform the following services:  Help regulate commercial traffic  Conduct bomb investigations  Protect the governor and the capitol grounds and buildings  Administer computerized information networks for the state, which link up with the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) run by the FBI

63. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-63 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-63 Department of Public Safety Model  Departments of Public Safety (DPS) are often complex organizations composed of several agencies or divisions. For example, the Alabama Department of Public Safety is composed of six divisions: administrative, bureau of investigation, driver license, highway patrol, service, and special projects. The administrative division is responsible for financial services, inspections, legal, personnel, public information, recruiting, capitol police, and dignitary protection. The service division is charged with managing and maintaining the DPS facilities and infrastructure, supporting the mechanized fleet, communications, supply, aviation, and photographic services. The duties of the other divisions should be self-explanatory.

64. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-64 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-64 Federal Law Enforcement  Among the best-known federal law enforcement agencies are:  FBI  U.S. Secret Service  Drug Enforcement Agency  In 2012, more than 70 federal agencies employed about 188,000 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and carry firearms.

65. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-65

66. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-66 Table 5.4 Continued

67. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-67 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-67 Federal Law Enforcement  Major differences between federal law enforcement and local and state police are:  Federal agencies operate across the nation and abroad.  Federal agencies usually do not have peacekeeping or order maintenance duties.  Some federal agencies have very narrow jurisdictions.

68. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-68 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-68 Training Federal Law Enforcement Officers  The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) is the largest law enforcement-training establishment in the United states.  It provides some or all of the training for a majority of federal law enforcement agencies, as well as for many states, local and international law enforcement agencies.

69. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-69 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-69 The Department of Homeland Security  The United States Congress responded to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, by enacting the Homeland Security Act of 2002.  The act established the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).

70. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-70 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-70 The Department of Homeland Security  According to the legislation, this new executive department was created to:  Prevent terrorist attacks within the United States  Reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism  Minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States  Carry out all functions of entities transferred to the department, including by acting as a focal point regarding natural and manmade crises and emergency planning

71. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-71 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-71 The Department of Homeland Security  Ensure that the functions of the agencies and subdivisions within the department that are not related directly to securing the homeland are not diminished or neglected except by an explicit act of Congress  Ensure the overall economic security of the United States is not diminished by efforts, activities, and programs aimed at securing the homeland  Monitor connections between illegal drug trafficking and terrorism, coordinate efforts to sever such connections, and otherwise contribute to efforts to interdict illegal drug trafficking

72. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-72

73. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-73 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-73 American Private Security  Private security has been defined as “the nongovernmental, private-sector practice of protecting people, property, and information, conducting investigations, and otherwise safeguarding an organization’s assets.”  It has a role in “helping the private sector secure its business and critical infrastructure, whether from natural disaster, accidents or planned actions, such as terrorist attacks, vandalism, etc.”

74. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-74 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-74 American Private Security  Private security in the United States is a huge enterprise.  There are between 11,000 and 15,000 private security companies in the United States, compared to more than 18,000 public law enforcement agencies.  Although there are more public law enforcement agencies, more people work in private security as in public law enforcement.  A recent study found that in major American cities, the ratio is three or four private security officers to each police officer.

75. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-75 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-75 American Private Security  Private security employment is often categorized two ways: 1. Contract security  Example: security guards hired for a college football game 2. Proprietary security  Example: the security force for a corporation’s manufacturing plants

76. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-76 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-76 Contract Security and Proprietary Security  Contract security: protective services that a private security firm provides to people, agencies, and companies that do not employ their own security personnel or that need extra protection  Contract security employees are not peace officers.  Proprietary security: in-house protective services that a security staff, which is not classified as sworn peace officers, provide for the entity that employs them

77. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-77 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-77 Private Security Officers  A private security officer’s duties vary and depend on the employer’s particular needs.  Private security generally specialize in one of the following areas:  Protecting people, records, merchandise, money, and equipment in department stores; also working with undercover store detectives to prevent theft by customers or store employees and helping in the apprehension of shoplifting suspects before the police arrive  Patrolling the parking lots of shopping centers and theaters, sometimes on horseback or bicycles, to deter car theft and robberies

78. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-78 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-78 Private Security Officers  Maintaining order and protecting property, staff, and customers in office buildings, banks, and hospitals  Protecting people, freight, property, and equipment at air, sea, and rail terminals as well as other transportation facilities; also screening passengers and visitors for weapons and explosives using metal detectors and high-tech equipment, ensuring that nothing is stolen while being loaded or unloaded, and watching for fires and criminals  Protecting paintings and exhibits by inspecting people and packages entering and leaving public buildings such as museums or art galleries

79. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-79 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-79 Private Security Officers  Protecting information, products, computer codes, and defense secrets and checking the credentials of people and vehicles entering or leaving the premises of factories, laboratories, government buildings, data-processing centers, and military bases  Performing crowd control, supervising parking and seating, and directing traffic at universities, parks, and sports stadiums  Preventing access by minors, collecting cover charges at the door, maintaining order among customers, and protecting property and patrons while stationed at the entrance to bars and places of adult entertainment such as nightclubs

80. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-80 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-80 Private Security Officers  Protecting money and valuables during transit in armored cars; also protecting individuals responsible for making commercial bank deposits from theft or bodily injuries  Observing casino operations for irregular activities, such as cheating or theft, by employees or patrons

81. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-81 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-81 Reasons for Growth  A number of factors have stimulated the phenomenal growth of private security since the 1970s:  Declining revenues for public policing  The private nature of crimes in the workplace  Companies can control and hide crimes by employees.  Better control and attention to the problem, particularly within a business  Fewer constitutional limitations on the actions of private security officers

82. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-82 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-82 Issues Involving Private Security  A number of unresolved problems and issues hamper the private security industry:  Legal status and authority deriving from the rights of the employer  Private security has few constitutional limitations and can be held civilly liable.  Public policing in a private capacity  Sworn officers often work for private companies, blurring the lines of responsibility and liability.

83. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-83 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-83 Issues Involving Private Security  Qualifications and training vary widely.  Diminished public responsibility  The government may not be living up to its responsibility to provide for the general welfare.

84. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-84 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5-84 Private Security’s Role in the Fight Against Terrorism  Private security officers are often the first line of defense against terrorism in the United Sates.  They guard government buildings, utilities, schools, courts, corporate headquarters, office complexes, laboratories, and transportation facilities.